Jimmy Moses

James Alfred "Jimmy" Moses (born September 11, 1949) is founder of Moses Tucker Real Estate and a prominent Little Rock-area commercial developer and urban planner. Moses started the company which bears his name in 1984. His partner in the firm is Rett Tucker. Moses conceived the idea of a Little Rock River Market in the 1980s following a visit to the Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington.

Early Life and Education

Moses hails from a pioneer Little Rock Jewish family. He attended Jefferson Elementary in the 1950s and graduated from Hall High School. In high school Moses worked at the family business, Moses Melody Shop, a music and electronics store located on Main Street in downtown Little Rock. Moses Melody Shop had been established by his grandfather Alfred Moses, but had by the 1960s passed into the hands of his father James Moses Sr. "As kids growing up in Little Rock some of my fondest memories are of [business associate] Wally [Allen] and I both working downtown on Main Street," remembered Moses. "We'd go eat lunch together. And one of our favorite things to do as kids was take the bus downtown. There used to be this great barbecue place called Tom and Andrew's. At 15 or 16, we'd always order a beer with our barbecue, but they'd never give us one. That was kind of the way we functioned back then. I think that even as kids, both of us working and hanging out on Main Street in downtown Little Rock had some lasting impact on both of us wanting to see great things happen for the city[.]"

After high school, Moses attended the then-all male Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. Returning to Little Rock and Moses Melody Shop in 1971, Moses dedicated his spare time to a local association of downtown boosters and civic organizers known as Little Rock Unlimited Progress. Little Rock Unlimited Progress had been formed into 1970 to revive the prospects of downtown retailers. The group inherited the spirit of two prior failed downtown revitalization campaigns known as Main Street 1969 plan, established in 1957, and the 1960s Capitol Place plan. Moses had followed the Capitol Place plan closely in high school. Capitol Place involved an underground plaza and parking ramp at the corner of Main Street and Capitol Avenue. Remembered Moses later, "I was fascinated. I lived and died that." The plan never materialized.

Little Rock Unlimited Progress

While serving as executive director of Little Rock Unlimited Progress after college, Moses dreamed of a fashionable pedestrian mall along Main Street that would bring energy and dollars to a downtown deflated by snarled parking and flight to the western suburbs. But he quickly tired of the day-to-day operations of his father's store. In November 1975 Moses remembers a conversation with his father in which he admitted: "Dad, I'm kind of sick of this." James Sr. was also becoming weary of his store duties and sold Moses Melody Shop that same month. In March 1976 Moses packed his wife B.J., the kids, and a dog into the family Volvo station wagon to study urban and regional planning at the University of Florida at Gainesville. He later remembered thinking: "I was never coming back. I was pretty burned out on Little Rock. Downtown was clearly on a slide. The leadership was very thin. We didn't seem to have much vigor in making it a great place. And I was tormented by the fact that I couldn't make more of an impact."

Moses would later say that the decision to leave Little Rock marked a major "turning point" in his life, but he also quickly realized how much his hometown meant to him. "After four to six weeks, I realized something was missing. It was the Arkansas Gazette. So I called and said, 'Send it to me.' It was like an umbilical cord. I saw my roots were so deep and I was really passionate about Little Rock."

Moses continued to sell his idea of a Little Rock pedestrian mall as an engine of revitalization in his master's thesis completed in 1978 and entitled "Assessing the Impact of Central Business District Redevelopment Organizations on Downtown: A Case Study of Little Rock Unlimited Progress, Inc." That same year his idea for a pedestrian mall along Main Street was coming to fruition with the opening of the Metrocentre Mall. The Metrocentre Mall project involved closing Main Street between Third and Seventh streets and Capitol Avenue from Scott to Louisiana streets. Beginning in March 1977 construction crews laid bricks on the pavement, planted willow oaks and crape myrtles, and constructed a large fountain at the corner of Third and Main at a cost of $4.5 million dollars. The project was paid for by local property owners organized into what was known as the Metrocentre Improvement District No. 1.

AMR Architects

Moses was lured back to Little Rock in 1978 by a job offer tendered by developer Tommy Hodges of Hodges, Vines, Fox, and Associates. Hodges assigned Moses the task of preparing urban plans for the revitalization of small Main Street communities like Crossett, Harrison, and Magnolia. These reports generally had no direct impact on the cities. But in 1981 he completed a report on his hometown called the "Downtown Little Rock Development Plan" in which he detailed several ways to bring back "a certain charm and character unique to the downtown." In the report he recommended a central market facility, new restaurants and bars, and a renewed emphasis on retailing.

On Tuesday evenings during the years he worked for Hodges Moses would get together over drinks with two architect friends John Allison and Rick Redden. "I guess there was sort of an attachment," remembered Redden of the informal group. "We were so naive. We were young. We thought about anything could happen." Invariably the discussions turned in the direction of forming a new company specializing in urban design and development. Remembered Moses later, "About the 11th or 12th month, one of us said, 'Drinking this Scotch is good, but we're going to turn into alcoholics. Maybe we better start a business or stop meeting like this.'"

In 1982 the group agreed to form AMR Architects. Allison, Moses, and Redden envisioned a different kind of firm, one devoted to refurbishing existing building stock in the neglected downtown and managing these assets themselves. They also dreamed of a central farmer's market that would form the centerpiece of a new arts and entertainment district. Allison and Redden took on the primary roles of architects in the firm, and Moses accepted the duties related to promoting, leasing, and managing the projects as they developed.

The first project the new team tackled was the old Gans Building located at 217 West Second Street, which the three principals also used as their first office. The next project involved the rejuvenation of two buildings on East Markham Street into the Heritage Center East and West. Their plan involved renovation of two buildings and demolition of a building in between to create adjacent parking. The department of Arkansas Heritage became the main tenant in Heritage Center East, and AMR Architects took over a top floor, sharing it with an apartment for Redden's family.

The group became successful enough to form a subsidiary company named AMR Real Estate. AMR Real Estate, focusing on development deals and property management in the western suburbs, built up the group's fortune rapidly. In 1984 Moses left AMR to focus on this part of the business, forming a partnership with Jim Nosari called Moses-Nosari Real Estate. Redden continued to retain the AMR Architects namesake.

Little Rock Downtown Partnership

Development in West Little Rock became Jimmy Moses' bread-and-butter, but his sympathies remained attached to the central core. By 1984 Little Rock Unlimited Progress had evolved into the nonprofit Little Rock Downtown Partnership. Business and government leaders representing the new coalition began looking for development projects that could restart economic activity along neglected business corridors. Moses served as president of the group and Sharon Priest as its executive director.

In 1987 the Metrocentre Improvement District, which would later merge administratively with the Partnership, launched a new economic revitalization project named Main Street Market under the direction of a company called Main Street Ventures. Main Street Market merged five buildings located between Capitol Avenue and Sixth Street to create a $12 million mixed use multilevel indoor shopping center, office complex, art gallery walk, and restaurant hub. This project also foundered. No one considered rerouting one-way streets so that cars were led towards the facility instead of away. Architect Reese Rowland has since said that Main Street Market also failed because it had only two entrances that could not be directly accessed by pedestrians at street level.

Jimmy Moses took over management of the facility in 1990 just as Leader Federal Savings Bank of Memphis called in the original loan against the property. Moses offered the bank two possibility for resuscitating the Mall, turning it into an office and entertainment complex or turning it over as strictly office space. The bank chose to sell off the property as office space, cutting its losses. Today thirty state government agencies thrive on the dissected Main Street Market block.

By the late 1980s it was clear that Metrocentre Mall and the Main Street Market were not working. Developer John Flake of Flake and Company was the first to call, in 1986, for rehabilitating the street to accommodate cars again. Except for one block on Capitol from Main to Louisiana, all the streets were reopened to auto traffic in 1990 at a cost of more than $1.5 million dollars. Nine years later the block-long pedestrian mall on Capitol disappeared as well. Longtime Metrocentre executive director Sterling Cockrill Jr. noted that the plan failed as "newcomers constructed around the pedestrian mall but not on it. They didn't want to be where cars couldn't get to them."

As Metrocentre Mall began to decline the Downtown Partnership hatched a $100 million plan to replace Barton Coliseum on the State Fairgrounds with a downtown multi-use sports arena. Quipped Partnership executive vice president Jack Turner at the time, referring to the failed Main Street Market: "Sometimes you have to level things to get people's attention."

Moses became an active booster, with childhood friends Mark Grobmyer and Wally Allen, of the scheme which the nonprofit optimistically called Project 2000. Eventually the project coalesced around a comprehensive plan with the $42.1 million arena, dubbed the "Diamond Center," surrounded by an improved Riverfront Park, an expanded Statehouse Convention Center, a new main branch public library, museums, repaired streets and sidewalks, and better policing and rental property inspection. The idea was to achieve economic growth by attracting corporations and a modern workforce with more visible amenities, better city services, and other aesthetics and quality-of-life improvements. "What we're doing is talking about what it would take to elevate this city to another competitive level with other cities in the country," noted Moses. Grobmyer, a corporate attorney by trade, agreed. "For a great city, you have to have a vibrant economy, you have to have people employed," he noted. "You have to start there. Everything flows from economics. Then you get rising real estate values, the schools are financed by property taxes and so on." Allen, chair of the Little Rock Advertising and Promotion Commission, estimated that Project 2000 would create 3,500 new entry-level jobs.

Moses, Grobmyer, and Allen tied a civil rights component to the plan by suggesting the building of a museum for ongoing study and reflection that would help restore the "self-image" of a city shattered in the 1957 Central High School desegregation crisis. Moses and Allen took their organization's pitch everywhere, to city government offices, to churches and clubs, and into the workrooms other nonprofits. They also worked hard to secure the support of African American residents of the city, a group often neglected in Little Rock's urban revitalization plans. "Wally and I used to trudge out for speeches on a cold Tuesday night to some civic club at the end of the county," Moses remembered. "It was one of those challenges you weren't always up for, and I would call Wally up and ask if he were ready to go again, and he always was. Knowing the odds were not in our favor, he was still there, side by side with me, willing to work hard till the end."

On October 8, 1991, the citizens of the city took to the polls and by a 57 percent to 43 percent margin rejected two half-cent local sales tax increases earmarked for capital improvements and city programs. Jim Lynch of the Coalition of Little Rock Neighborhoods was especially vocal in denouncing the tax increase, which he argued would hurt the lowest socioeconomic classes most. The project was also opposed by Arkansas Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), which wanted a different timetable for improvements to city infrastructure. Two years later the plan, rebranded as the Future-Little Rock Project, failed again. Future-Little Rock also recommended a downtown arena facility, but the funding mechanism was divided into two separate tax proposals. The first, a one-cent hike in the hotel and restaurant tax designated for doubling the square footage of the Statehouse Convention Center, failed on October 14, 1993. The second vote for a one-cent increase in the sales tax to finance the arena and public safety and emergency services failed two months later on December 14th.

After the defeat of both Diamond Center bids Moses and the Downtown Partnership refocused its energies on new plans developed by MRA International Inc. of Philadelphia and the Donaghey Project at UALR to create a zone in the heart of the city that would include niceties like upscale restaurants, boutiques, a farmer's market and marina, and a multipurpose arena. On May 20, 1994, the plan for an "American Commons and Festival Landing" was unveiled to the public. The accompanying report made several key recommendations, including the formation of a public-private development corporation to build an entertainment district bounded by the Arkansas River and Third Street to the north and south and I-30 and Broadway to the east and west. The proposed zone was called the "River District," which would encompass a downtown "campus" for conventions, conferences, festival events, and learning centers linked to the "information superhighway (the "American Commons" part), and a farmer's market, sports center, "discover center," and children's museum (the "Festival Landing" part).

Metroplan's 1995 Portland Trip

Perhaps the second turning point in Moses' professional life occurred from April 29-May 2, 1995, when he accompanied twenty-three other civic and business leaders and fifteen private citizens on a fact-finding mission to Portland, Oregon. The trip, sponsored by the voluntary regional transportation organization Metroplan at a taxpayer cost of $23,000, was organized in an effort to study successful regional planning models and their impact on urban life. Portland had the only directly-elected regional planning organization in the United States, called the Metropolitan Service District (or "Metro") which controlled the city's urban growth boundary established in 1979 to reduce sprawl and encourage infill. The city also featured a novel semi-public Portland Development Commission for urban renewal and new urbanist public-transportation system featuring streetcars, urban light rail, and regional commuter rail express service.

Participants in the Portland trip included Cabot mayor Joe Allman, Lonoke County judge Don Bevis, Bryant mayor Roy Bryant, Little Rock assistant city manager Cy Carney, North Little Rock aldermen Dan Carter, Olan Thomas, and Tony Vestal, Stephen Chaffin, Jim Hendricks, and Jimmy Moses of the Downtown Partnership, Saline County Quorum Court member Doug Curtis, Little Rock mayor Jim Dailey, UALR assistant to the chancellor Sandra Davis, Rose Law Firm partner Jane Dickey, Maumelle mayor Eddie Enloe, Don Evans of Witsell, Evans, and Rasco Architects and Planners, Ward recorder-treasurer Joyce Feltner, North Little Rock mayor Pat Hays, Pulaski County Quorum Court member John Hall, Little Rock Neighborhoods and Planning Director Jim Lawson, Department of Arkansas Heritage director Beverly Lindsey, Little Rock directors Jesse Mason, Dean Kumpuris, and Linda Joyce, Shannon Hills mayor Harold McIntire, Benton mayor Mitch McDonald, Metroplan executive director Jim McKenzie, Saline county judge Jerry Parsons, UALR Donaghey Project student Chris Patterson, One Source Home and Building Centers owner Gene Pfeifer, Donaghey Project adjunct professor Steve Rousseau, Larry Stone and Millie Ward of Stone and Ward Advertising Agency, Jacksonville mayor Tommy Swaim, the Greater Little Rock Chamber of Commerce's Joe Swaty, Donaghey Project coordinator Jim Vandenberg, Pulaski County judge Buddy Villines, and Donaghey Project director George Wittenberg.

Moses focused his attention during the trip on the new downtown Riverwalk Park and RiverPlace development, located on the site of a former expressway, the almost finished Rose Garden indoor sports arena and a new Portland Convention Center, the thirty-three mile MAX Light Rail network begun in 1978, and the downtown Portland Streetcar Project just underway. Moses also appreciated the unique public-private partnerships that the city had forged between local government entities, neighborhood associations, and real estate developers. The Portland Development Commission in particular had long experience with incentive programs Moses found valuable in reducing urban blight while encouraging historic preservation, street- and waterfront improvements, and industrial rehabilitation.

River Project

Downtown boosters returned from the 1995 Portland trip convinced that an urban streetcar system could tie together many of downtown Little Rock and North Little Rock's premier destinations, including the Statehouse Convention Center and ALLTEL Arena, and help restore some of the twin cities lost economic luster. UALR professor Steve Rousseau, fresh from the 1995 trip commented, "We're not going to look like Portland. We don't want to. But their situation is not unlike Little Rock 30 years ago. [The trip] simply points up that things can be done to increase the quality of life if we start now." Moses came away with a vision of the collaboration and consensus-building necessary to bringing fundamental urban improvements to central Arkansas. Instead of focusing solely on mundane "day-to-day zoning" problems, Moses favored partnerships for forging invigorating "comprehensive planning" agreements. UALR architect and urban planner George Wittenberg III agreed with this sentiment. "A lot of them came back with the understanding that the process is important," he noted. "The way a community gets together is important as well as the organizations that are created to follow up on the communities' wishes." Leaders of the 1995 trip did not come away ready to fight for an urban growth boundary or green building strategies to encourage urban density and minimize environmental impacts, but it did reinforce in Moses' mind the importance of the natural landscape in creating planning recommendations and for purposes of political decisionmaking. "I think Portland can show us something about the whole treatment of the river as a source of life and vitality," he said.

Central Arkansas leaders conceived a new, comprehensive River Project upon their return to capitalize on the new perspective generated in the aftermath of the Portland trip. Trip participants unpacked their ideas in slide show presentations at the Donaghey Project headquarters on UALR's campus and in public seminars downtown. They communicated especially with Pulaski County Judge Buddy Villines, and Little Rock and North Little Rock mayors Jim Dailey and Pat Hays who were hard at work on a new, narrowly-conceived one-year sales tax proposal to fund only the arena and convention center expansion. The trio called the proposal the River Project because it symbolized the ongoing struggle to tie historic rivals together and link reenergizing parts of both downtowns to one another. "I think we wanted to be able to convince the public that we had a chance of doing a River Project. It wasn't about building two facilities. It was about revitalizing an urban area near the waterfront," remembered Pat Hayes. Villines, Dailey, and Hayes were able to persuade Joe T. Ford of Alltel to raise $17 million in private donations to the arena project in return for naming rights and private arena suites for business entertainment purposes. The Arkansas General Assembly also approved a $20 million funding bill, engineered by North Little Rock representatives Cliff Hoofman and James Dietz, for events center improvements in downtown Little Rock.

The River Project campaign swung into high gear in the spring and summer of 1995, greased by $160,000 in donations for free Arkansas Queen riverboat rides for community representatives and elected officials, and a media blitz culminating in the "Hands Across the River" extravaganza where proponents of the plan held hands in a human chain stretching across the Main Street Bridge. Even tax opponent Jim Lynch supported supported the plan. Said Villines, "I gave about 150 to 200 speeches on this thing, and the one thing I heard over and over was that the one thing they like best about this is we've got people on both sides of the river working together for the first time. That meant something to a lot of people."

On August 1, 1995 Pulaski County voters finally passed - by a 30,889 to 20,452 margin - a one-cent tax, to expire after one year, to pay for $23 million in Statehouse Convention Center improvements and a $51 million arena on the other side of the river in North Little Rock. Moses, Grobmyer, and Allen did not directly choreograph the county plan, to be administered instead by the fifteen member Quorum Court and a new Pulaski County Multipurpose Civic Center Facility Board. Said Wally Allen later, "I don't think we were wrong, because here today we have the expansion, we have the new arena. Politically, we may have gone about it wrong. Well, obviously we did because we failed. But I do think that effort opened the eyes of the people of Little Rock and central Arkansas that if we were ever going to move this city forward then we citizens have to do something, and generally that comes back to paying for something. So even though it was a personal defeat, I feel like years later we've seen a return on those efforts, and they've all been made worth it to me." The resulting 18,000 seat ALLTEL Arena structure evoked Little Rock's historic riverfront economy, projecting itself as a "lantern on the river, calling to the ships coming into port" by way of an enormous multistory glass wall facing the Arkansas riverbank to the southwest. The arena became the home to UALR men's and women's basketball, Arkansas RiverBlades minor league hockey, and Arkansas Twisters Arena Football.

River Market

Many of the ideas ginned up in discussions stretching back to Moses' Tuesday night drinking sessions with his AMR associates became attached to the River Project in the aftermath of the successful bond issue. A public trolley system, it was hoped, would stitch together the fabric of downtown by connecting ALLTEL Arena and the Statehouse Convention Center to a new farmer's market, the recently upgraded Riverfest Amphitheater in Riverfront Park, shopping and art galleries, museums and libraries, and restaurants.

The centerpiece of ongoing efforts was the Downtown Partnership River Market Task Force, led by Jimmy Moses and local gastroenterologist and city director Dean Kumpuris. The original plan was for the construction of a $3.5 million Farmer's Market facility along East Markham Street, based on a rough sketch conceived by Moses after a trip to Seattle's waterfront Pike Place public market. Failure of the Diamond Center idea had taught Moses humility and what works and what doesn't in organizing civic campaigns. The River Market Task Force, Moses noted, represented "the vision of a lot more people" than the Diamond Center proposals.

The Farmer's Market morphed into a more comprehensive River Market Project anchoring an eight-block area between I-30 and Main Street right along the Riverfront Park. The southern boundary was eventually extended to East Third Street. The project gathered steam as the Task Force appointed the Stone Ward advertising agency and planning firm RTKL of Baltimore to develop and brand the concept. Stone Ward and RTKL settled on the name River Market District. Over the next year $5 million was plowed into the District as the city secured a $1.2 million federal grant for the project and another $1.1 from capital improvement funds, $200,000 for streetscape upgrades, $170,000 from Downtown Partnership membership fees, $100,000 from the nonprofit Riverfest, and $80,000 from the Central Arkansas Library System (CALS). The iconic River Market at Ottenheimer Hall with food vendors, farmer's market, and loft-style reception hall and catering facility opened for business on July 5, 1996. At the end of the year the Metrocentre Improvement District merged with the Downtown Partnership, throwing additional powers to initiate condemnation proceedings and issue new bonds into the mix.

Making the River Market District

Moses instincts for historic restoration as a way preserve the unique character traits of downtown culminated into two projects to renovate the 1920s-era Fones Brothers and Terminal buildings near the River Market Hall. The Fones Brothers Hardware Company was a metalworking concern established in 1859 by Daniel Gilbert Fones. In 1993 voters accepted a $10.3 million bond issue to turn the Fones Brothers Warehouse into a 132,000 square foot CALS Main Library. The library opened in 1997, housing library collections as well as the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies and the Sturgis Center for Technology Training. In 2001 CALS renovated the 1906 Cox Machinery Warehouse as a library annex facility. The building holds River Market Books & Gifts, the Farmer's Daughter Café, and the Thousand Words, Arkansas Artists, and Showcase Arkansas galleries.

The Terminal Building, originally housing the printing presses of the Arkansas Democrat newspaper, underwent a $4 million purchase and renovation in the mid-1990s and reopened as the Museum Center in 1998. Funds for the construction came from the River Project sales tax receipts and a private fundraising campaign. The building became home to the Arkansas Museum of Discovery, Hearne Fine Art, Pyramid Art, Books & Custom Framing, and a number of restaurants and pubs. Said Little Rock Parks and Recreation director Bill Bunten of the Museum Center, "It's a wonderful building for a museum because of access to Riverfront Park, the plans to make that area along East Markham an entertainment district and its tremendous amount of capacity. No other site, and there were a lot we looked at, had all those advantages."

Clinton Library (1997-2004)

Moses' dream of downtown revitalization has been by the

November 8, 1997 - Clinton chooses 27.2 acre Library site in east part of downtown Little Rock

industrial brownfield three blocks east of the River Market.

The Clinton Presidential Center is the most expensive privately-funded construction project in Little Rock history. More than 112,000 people made donations to defray the $165 million in construction costs for the presidential center complex. The names of many of these donors are etched in commemorative bricks and 12"x6" granite blocks outside the main entrance to the museum. Regular upkeep of the facilities - estimated at $4 million in the first year of operation - is supported by an endowment of $7.2 million and regular funds of the National Archives and Records Administration. Entry fees pay for public programs.

Pfeifer is former owner of 2.9 of the twenty-seven acres comprising the current site of the Clinton Presidential Center. Mr. Pfeifer's land was condemned by the city of Little Rock in 1999 so that it could become the site for the Clinton Presidential Library. Pfeifer had paid $175,000 for the land in 1992, intending to use a 70,000 square foot warehouse as a base of operations for the May Supply Company.

In 2000 Pfeifer's attorneys sued the City of Little Rock, which had hoped to acquire his land for a sum of $400,000. Pfeifer argued in court briefs that the city had no authority to take private land unless the property was reserved for public parkland. He argued that the land in question was not to be taken for this purpose in an eminent domain proceeding, as it was not previously zoned for parks. The lower court judgment went against Pfeifer.

Pfeifer filed a court appeal against the City of Little Rock in May 2001. He is quoted as saying, "[a]bsent an overriding public need, a person ought to decide whether their property gets taken or not." In a nationally-broadcast Fox News segment Pfeifer said he "[did not] approve of the way the decision was made ... to give the land to the library, and I don't approve of the way they decided to pay for it. And I'm hoping that by keeping my land I can then bargain with the library foundation to give the money back to the city, at which point they can have my land for the appraised value, the $400,000." He has also been critical of the Clintons saying, "Barbra Streisand raised $10 million for the Bill Clinton Library in one night, singing in someone's home. Why should my city give land to the greatest private fundraising organization in history?"

In the same June 4, 2001, interview Pfeifer specifically cited ongoing financial problems in Little Rock. "Our city is practically broke and can't afford the gift of the land to the library," said Pfeifer. "And only one library in this country [the Truman Library] is on land given by a city. The rest were supplied by the state as a whole or by private funds." He also noted an increase in zoo patron fees and closure of city restrooms to offset a proposed $16 million park revenue bond to pay for the various parcels of land destined for the Clinton Library. "The money specifically came from our zoo. And it came at the very point in time when our zoo lost its license and its accreditation. ... I'd like to see the money go back is to the zoo and the rest of the Parks Department that is suffering from this loss. In the two years since that was done, the restrooms have been closed in 13 of our city parks. We are suffering from this money being shunted aside to buy land for the library."

On November 1, 2001 the Arkansas Supreme Court ruled against Pfeifer in the matter of Pfeifer v. City of Little Rock: "Because the city is given broad discretion in deciding what property is necessary now and for the future ... we believe that the city's proposal and supporting documentation make it clear that Pfeifer's entire property was properly taken by the city for the presidential park."

On August 12, 2002, the Attorney General's Office filed suit as government representative for the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) against Pfeifer in U.S. District Court. ADEQ sought to recover $400,000 in costs associated with the cleanup of hazardous diesel fuel which had leaked from underground tanks on Pfeifer's portion of the Clinton Library site twenty-five years earlier. Contamination of soils had been discovered by Pollution Management Inc. during a site inspection in 1999. Pfeifer's attorney Christopher Parker argued that Pfeifer could not be charged for the cleanup as Pfeifer purchased the land well after the tanks had been abandoned. Parker further cited a signed agreement between ADEQ director Randall Mathis stipulating that cleanup costs would be paid out of the federal Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund.

Nora Harris v. City of Little Rock was a 1998 lawsuit brought by a tax advocate, Appellant Nora Harris, against the City of Little Rock, challenging the city's raising of revenue bonds to finance the acquisition of land for the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park.

On March 17, 1998 the Little Rock Board of Directors voted to approve $16.5 million in park revenue bonds to purchase land for the presidential center. On April 10, 1998, Empower Arkansas was organized to block the revenue bond issue. In June 1998 Little Rock's Stephens Inc. began issuing revenue bonds for Library site purchase. In June 2000 the Pulaski County Court concluded that the city had acted appropriately in issuing the bonds.

Between January and March 2001 the State District Court and Arkansas Supreme Court heard arguments that the City of Little Rock illegally issued revenue bonds for the Clinton Presidential Center. On March 8, 2001, the Supreme Court unanimously affirmed the decision of the lower court and rejected Harris' claim. The court did indicate that Harris might resubmit her case if she found that general fund revenue rather than park user fees was being used to pay debt servicing or if the City of Little Rock leased the library site to the Foundation. Harris' attorney David Henry said after the decision, "The justices ruled that although our argument about using general fund money to pay revenue bonds was valid, our proof of how they'd make their anticipated debt service payment was speculative. So we filed a bunch of freedom of information requests, looked over an audit report and some budget information, and are now convinced that the general fund is being used to back debt service."

On April 23, 2001, Nora Harris filed a second lawsuit in Pulaski County Chancery Court to block issuance of the revenue bonds. This time she argued that the bond sale for the parks was not "self-sufficient," meaning that debt payments on the bonds would have to be paid in part out of general fund sources of the Little Rock Department of Parks and Recreation. She claimed that $1.7 million in tax revenue had been diverted for just such a purpose through the renaming of budget accounts. Debt payments from general revenue budgets is prohibited by Arkansas Constitution Amendment 65 without a general referendum. Harris' lawsuit held up the issuance of other revenue bonds across the state according to Arkansas Development Finance Authority president Rush Deacon. On October 2, 2002 Nora Harris' lawsuit was dismissed by Pulaski County Circuit Court Judge Collins Kilgore.

Harris' attorney in this second lawsuit was also David Henry, who requested the dismissal. Said Henry, "Suffice it to say that Mrs. Harris and I have not had good cooperation over the last several months. I felt it was appropriate to ask for a dismissal without prejudice, which gives her a year to find a new attorney and re-file her case." Attorney for the city in the case was Tom Carpenter.

Renovation of Choctaw Passenger Station. The Choctaw Railway Station (also known as the Choctaw Route Station) is located on the grounds of the Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Arkansas. The the 16,500 square foot station is the current home of the Clinton School of Public Service and has been renamed Sturgis Hall.

The railway station, formerly known as the Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf passenger station, opened in December 1899. The Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad connecting Memphis to Oklahoma was transfered in a hostile takeover to the Rock Island Railroad in 1904. Passenger service at the station ceased in 1967. The Choctaw Railway Station once housed a Spaghetti Warehouse restaurant and The Edge nightclub.

The station was redesigned in the early 2000s by Polk Stanley Rowland Curzon Porter Architects. Doyne Construction Company of North Little Rock accomplished the renovation for $4 million between October 2003 and August 2004. The building required 30 I-beams weighing ten tons for added stability and load bearing, a new roof, concrete and poplar flooring, and new mechanical heating and cooling systems.

A companion structure, the Choctaw Freight Depot, was razed by the Clinton Foundation on November 21, 2001.

The Choctaw Freight Depot was a companion structure to the Choctaw Railway Station on the grounds of the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park. The Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad operated the freight depot. The depot was constructed by freed African American sleeves under the direction of Charles W. Clark, owner of the Clark Pressed Brick Company in Malvern, and opened to deliveries on April 9, 1900. The depot measured 40 feet by 215 feet in length and had an attached 15 foot platform for loading goods into wagons and trucks. The freight depot was separated from the passenger station by several sets of tracks.

The Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf soon found itself party to a hostile takeover, and in 1904 the freight warehouse along with the company became part of the Rock Island Railroad. In 1911 the depot was abandoned by the railroad in favor of a larger facility at the corner of East Fourth & Rector. The depot was leased in 1913 to Reaves Transfer Company, to Fisher Cement & Roofing Company in 1939, and again to May Supply Company in 1944. The Mayco Warehouse Company (as May Supply was then known) purchased the structure outright in 1961. The freight depot spent its last forty years entombed within a number of surrounding May Supply warehouses. Eugene Pfeifer III was the last owner of the site before being condemned by the City of Little Rock.

The depot was razed by the Clinton Foundation on November 21, 2001, despite a three-month effort to save the historic structure led by the Friends of the Choctaw Terminal. Little Rock preservationist Gregory Ferguson and Friends of the Choctaw Terminal complained that the Clinton Foundation and City of Little Rock had failed to fully comply with the spirit of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, which specifies a full site review where historic structures are adversely affected by projects funded with federal dollars. At the time Ferguson complained, "The national and local history contained in the Choctaw Freight Depot that was destroyed the day before Thanksgiving is irreplaceable, and Mr. Clinton knows it, but apparently doesn't care."

Ferguson was quoted in the press saying, "While I was in the process of filling out my [legal challenge], the demolition contractor's huge front-end loader machines were tearing out the heart of the Choctaw Freight Depot. ... [T]hrough this process, I was witness to some of the most underhanded, reprehensible, dirty, and immoral conduct I have ever had the misfortune to observe."

Foundation chairman Skip Rutherford noted that Bill Clinton and the architects created the building to meet four specific goals: longterm architectural significance, environmental sensitivity, tourism potential, and economic revitalization of a declining warehouse district. Clinton has noted that the building represents "the first green Presidential Library, featuring solar panels and other improvements that have enabled us to cut energy usage by more than 30 percent. ... [I]t is simply breathtaking, especially when lit up, with its sparkling glass frame, river backdrop, and visibility to people driving by on the interstate."

he Clinton Library, 420 feet in length, cantilevers out towards the Arkansas River, evoking a favorite phrase from Clinton's campaigns in which he often spoke of building a bridge to the twenty-first century. Said the former president at the Clinton Presidential Center dedication ceremony: "What it is to me is the symbol of not only what I tried to do, but what I want to do with the rest of my life: building bridges from yesterday to tomorrow, building bridges across racial and religious and ethnic and income and political divides - building bridges."

The Clinton Library. Photo by James Hyde.

The library is a glass and steel modernist structure designed by James Polshek and Richard Olcott. "The President wanted a building that was both grand and accessible," said Polshek. Clinton also wanted a green building that met LEED certification standards. Polshek Partnership originally sited the Library in parallel with the Arkansas River bank. Later, they rotated the building ninety degrees to take advantage of a spectacular view of downtown Little Rock, which includes views of six other bridges across the river.

The Clinton School of Public Service is an educational institution affiliated with the University of Arkansas system. The School is located in Sturgis Hall at Choctaw Station on the grounds of the Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Arkansas. The first dean of the Clinton School of Public Service was former U.S. Senator David Pryor. "You look across the way here and you see the library and the archives, and we say that's history," Pryor remarked soon after the Library opening. "You come across the garden, and that's the future -- you're in the school." The second and current dean is Skip Rutherford. Rutherford is past chairman (1997-2006) of the nonprofit William J. Clinton Foundation, which oversaw construction of the Clinton Presidential Center.

The Clinton School offers a two year program culminating in a master's degree in public service. Masters of Public Service degree. Bill Clinton, who often spoke of the "nobility of public service" during his presidency, helped design the curriculum for the school. Some parts of the program are modeled after Boston's John F. Kennedy School of Government. Seven graduate schools of public service with ties to past presidents are located across the United States. Sixteen students comprised the first class of the Clinton School in the 2005-2006 academic year. By 2007-2008 52 students were enrolled in the Clinton School's degree program.

The focus of the Clinton School of Public Service is on education for practical service in the world ("academics for real life" in the words of one student), and not on pure research or policy analysis. In part because the program is still young, students have great flexibility to choose their public service focus. Students must take a core curriculum, a capstone course, and three electives -- electives are generally taken at an affiliated University of Arkansas campus (UALR, UAMS, UA at Fayetteville), though this is not required.

The school also offers an ongoing series of seminars and workshops. The speaker series sponsored by the Clinton School of Public Service has attracted John Lithgow, Barry Landau, Bob Woodruff, Eric Schlosser, Richard Dawkins, Karl Rove, Jesse Jackson, George Stephanopoulos, Charlie McCormack, Jonah Lehrer, Ron Brownstein, Walter Mead, and Diane Rehm. Advance reservation by phone or email for each event is required. The speaker series is organized by director of public programs Patrick Kennedy and deputy director Nikolai DiPippa.

tours emphasize the green building aspects of the Library, which include post-consumer aluminum ceiling tiles, floors made from recycled tires, 336 rooftop solar panels, and lots of glass providing passive solar energy efficiency and natural lighting. Williams began offering green tours of the building in September 2005 for the American Solar Energy Society, which met in the building.

Williams also points to external features: "This land was a contaminated brownfield," Williams notes. "We've gone from a contaminated piece of property (to one) that now is a city park." Trees have been planted to keep the parking lots from acting as heat sinks. The parking lots also feature bike racks and three charging stations for electric vehicles.

River Rail: Stitching Things Together

River Rail. The Little Rock River Rail comprises three separate electric trolley lines connecting major tourist destinations in the Little Rock River Market District of Little Rock, Arkansas, the Argenta Historic District of North Little Rock, the Clinton Presidential Center, and downtown hotels. The River Rail is administered by the Central Arkansas Transit Authority (CATA) and officially opened for public service on November 1, 2004, only days before the Clinton Library dedication. Little Rock is one of only ten cities in the country with an active electric trolley rail system.

The construction cost of Phase 1 of the trolley system was $19.6 million, of which eighty percent was paid by federal grants. Phase 2 incorporated the Clinton Presidential Center and Heifer International headquarters into the trolley route with 2,600 more feet of track. Phase 2 replaced a temporary rubber-tire bus trolley painted to look like River Rail other streetcars. Phase 3 may include extensions to the Little Rock National Airport, Central High School, or the Arkansas State Capitol.

Lofts and Condominium Development

~!~PORTLAND MODEL **lofts, condominums transform a decaying industrial warehouse area of Portland known as the Pearl District** Moses and Tucker said the idea to target a younger crowd with lower prices for some of the condos stems from both feedback and a Portland, Ore., model. Much of their redevelopment model is based on the Pearl District in Portland, they said. That district was also once mostly warehouses, and now it's a flourishing urban community. Developers in Portland have used similar pricing tactics to lure a more diverse community. "That truly has inspired us," Moses said.~!~

Tuf-Nut Lofts (1999)

Arkansas Capital Commerce Center (2002)

First Security Center (2004)

300 Third Tower (2007)

River Market Tower (2009)

Framework for the Future

Challenged by the loss of the arena to North Little Rock, the earlier plans of the Future-Little Rock Project, and the 1997 decision to site the Clinton Library in Little Rock, the Little Rock Planning Department crafted a new document entitled the "Downtown Little Rock-Framework for the Future." The document was laid before the Little Rock Board of Directors at a meeting on October 19, 1999.

Over the past decade Jimmy Moses has begun to emphasize the positive aspects of these failed projects, emphasizing instead the most successful aspects of the Metrocentre Improvement District's activities. For instance, between 1973 and 1997 district property owners pooled special annual assessments and gave out $50 million in loans for twenty-one startups and improvement projects. Approximately $750 million in new improvements came into the district, including the TCBY Tower. The District also approved the construction of two parking ramps, one bounded by Second, Main, Scott and Third streets, and the other encompassed by Sixth, Scott, Main and Seventh streets in the mid-1980s. "People are real quick to point to things that didn't work, but I see them as small steps that brought us to where we are today. When people look back at the 20th century, those projects - the malls, the parking lots - will be seen as things that helped bring about future development." But Moses also learned an important lesson: "Traditional retailing and downtown as we knew it was dead." Shoppers fled in their cars in droves for places like the new McCain Mall in North Little Rock. One by one retailers closed their doors: JCPenney, Zale's, Woolworth's, Haverty's, Stifft's jewelry store, Baker's Shoes, Mangle's, Gold's House of Fashion, and Kempner's. Even Moses Melody Shop could not escape the writing on the wall. Even old community pillars like Dillard's and M. M. Cohn's would close their downtown department stores by 1990.

These merchants represented only the latest wave in a long history of storefront closings along Main Street since the 1950s: Blass, Pfeifer's and the Pfeifer Home Center, Walgreen's, Sears Roebuck, McLellan's, Economy Drugstore, Franke's, Arkansas Carpet and Furniture, Cave's Jewelers, National Shirt Shop, Worthen Bank, Bauman's Men's Store, Standard Luggage, Allsopp and Chapple Bookstore, the Center Theater, and Lido Cafeteria. In 2005 Moses conceded that "Main Street is dead. It is dismal. I'm not trying to be a bad ambassador, but there's nothing for any group to come and regularly see or do." Quote about naysayers by Moses.

Close with the legacy of Main Street moved to Clinton Presidential Avenue.

References

• Julian E. Barnes, "Jimmy Moses: The Man Has a Vision to Give Life to Downtown Little Rock, June 9, 1996.
• Julian E. Barnes, "Jimmy Moses the Man with a Vision," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, June 6, 1996.
• Kyle Brazzel, "James A. Moses: Success Finally Came Downtown for Jimmy," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, October 21, 2001.
• JoBeth Briton, "Project 2000 and the Diamond: A City Wrestles with its Future," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, July 1, 1991.
• James A. Moses, "Assessing the Impact of Central Business District Redevelopment Organizations on Downtown: A Case Study of Little Rock Unlimited Progress, Inc.," M.A.U.R.P. thesis, University of Florida, 1978.
• "Tale of Two Taxes; Chances Slim for LR Arena, but Half-Cent Tax Stands Chance," Arkansas Business, November 15, 1993.

External links

• Homepage of Moses Tucker Real Estate