Little Rock Crisis - Revision history

Phil at 19:27, 5 April 2010

2010-04-05T19:27:42Z

Phil at 18:26, 24 May 2009

2009-05-24T18:26:29Z

Phil at 18:23, 24 May 2009

2009-05-24T18:23:14Z

Phil at 18:22, 24 May 2009

2009-05-24T18:22:38Z

Phil at 18:22, 24 May 2009

2009-05-24T18:22:04Z

Show changes

Phil: /* 1958: The "Lost Year" */

2009-05-24T17:45:28Z

‎1958: The "Lost Year"

Phil: /* External links */

2009-01-12T06:31:44Z

‎External links

Phil at 05:06, 21 November 2008

2008-11-21T05:06:12Z

Phil at 03:22, 21 November 2008

2008-11-21T03:22:17Z

Phil at 03:21, 21 November 2008

2008-11-21T03:21:51Z

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 On August 22, 1957, local segregationists invited Georgia governor Marvin Griffin to an interpositionist rally in Little Rock. Blossom, Faubus, and other school officials met to discuss a possible violent backlash if Central High is immediately desegregated.
-[[Image:Little-rock-integration.jpg|thumb|300px|Four black students are refused entrance to Central High by members of the Arkansas National Guard. September 4, 1957. Photo by LIFE photographer Francis Miller.]]
 ====The Crisis of 1957-1958====

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 On August 22, 1957, local segregationists invited Georgia governor Marvin Griffin to an interpositionist rally in Little Rock. Blossom, Faubus, and other school officials met to discuss a possible violent backlash if Central High is immediately desegregated.
-[[Image:Little-rock-integration.jpg|thumb|Four black students are refused entrance to Central High by members of the Arkansas National Guard. September 4, 1957. Photo by LIFE photographer Francis Miller.]]
+[[Image:Little-rock-integration.jpg|thumb|300px|Four black students are refused entrance to Central High by members of the Arkansas National Guard. September 4, 1957. Photo by LIFE photographer Francis Miller.]]
 ====The Crisis of 1957-1958====

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:23, 24 May 2009
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−	The 1957 '''Little Rock Desegregation Crisis''' ~~was~~ an international symbol of the ~~early~~ American Civil Rights movement.	+	The 1957 '''Little Rock Desegregation Crisis''' is an international symbol of the twentieth-century American Civil Rights movement.

	====Desegregating Little Rock before 1957====		====Desegregating Little Rock before 1957====

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:22, 24 May 2009
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−	The '''Little Rock Desegregation Crisis''' was an international symbol of the early American Civil Rights movement ~~in 1957~~.	+	The 1957 '''Little Rock Desegregation Crisis''' was an international symbol of the early American Civil Rights movement.

	====Desegregating Little Rock before 1957====		====Desegregating Little Rock before 1957====

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 Although more than 3,600 black and white students are left without schools to attend, about ninety percent of the white students find other schools to attend inside and outside the district. Many white students begin attending the hastily organized private [[T. J. Raney High School]] in October 1958. Little Rock teachers are left with empty classrooms. To pass the time they occasionally teach their subjects to each other. Fifteen teachers begin instructing students and the public on television, but are ordered to stop after one week by a federal court.
-In December 1958 school board elections the WEC successfully places three moderates on the board: [[Ted Lamb]], [[Russell Matson]], and [[Everett Tucker Jr.]]. Segregationist candidates -- [[Robert Laster]], [[Ed McKinley Jr.]], and [[Ben Rowland]] -- take the other three seats. In May 1959 the moderate bloc on the board walks out after other board members attempt a purge of teachers with integrationist leanings. Forty four teachers are summarily released at the board meeting. The mass firing prompts male leadership in the city to form the group [[Stop This Outrageous Purge]] (STOP). Segregationists form the [[Committee to Retain Our Segregated Schools]] (CROSS) in response. Both groups ask for a recall election of current board members. In the ensuing recall election of May 25, 1959, the three segregationist board members are removed and replaced by three moderates endorsed by both the WEC and STOP.
+In December 1958 school board elections the WEC successfully placed three moderates on the board: [[Ted Lamb]], [[Russell Matson]], and [[Everett Tucker Jr.]]. Segregationist candidates -- [[Robert Laster]], [[Ed McKinley Jr.]], and [[Ben Rowland]] -- took the other three seats. In May 1959 the moderate bloc on the board walked out after other board members attempt a purge of teachers with integrationist leanings. Forty four teachers were summarily released at the board meeting. The mass firing prompted male leadership in the city to form the group [[Stop This Outrageous Purge]] (STOP). Segregationists formed the [[Committee to Retain Our Segregated Schools]] (CROSS) in response. Both groups asked for a recall election of current board members. In the ensuing recall election of May 25, 1959, the three segregationist board members were removed and replaced by three moderates endorsed by both the WEC and STOP.
 ====Aftermath and ongoing struggle====

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:31, 12 January 2009
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	==External links==		==External links==

−	[[Category:Civil ~~rights~~]]	+	[[Category:Civil Rights]]

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 On May 27, 1958, senior [[Ernest Green]] becomes the first African American graduate of Central High School.
-In August 1958 the U.S. Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals overturns a June order of Judge Lemley, stemming from ''[[Cooper v. Aaron]]'', for a two-and-one-half year delay in the integration of Little Rock schools. The school board, which had asked for the delay, appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court reviews the ''Cooper'' decision in a special session from August 25-September 29, 1958. The U.S. Supreme court orders on September 15th that desegregation proceed without delay. In response, Faubus closes all four high schools in Little Rock.
+In August 1958 the U.S. Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals overturns a June 21, 1958, order of Judge Lemley, stemming from ''[[Cooper v. Aaron]]'', in which the Little Rock School Board through its lawyer [[Richard C. Butler]] asks for a two-and-one-half year "cooling off period" before re-initiating the integration process. The Eighth Circuit agrees with the opinion of NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall who argued that the potential for unrest was "preferable to the complete breakdown of education which will result from teaching children that courts of law will bow to violence." The school board appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court reviews the ''Cooper'' decision in a special session from August 25-September 29, 1958. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision, orders on September 15th that desegregation proceed without delay.
 ====1958: The "Lost Year"====
-In a September 27, 1958, referendum Little Rock residents vote to keep all public schools closed rather than accept integration of facilities. This prompts the formation of a number of citizen's action organizations, including the [[Capital Citizens' Council]], the [[Mother's League of Central High]], and the [[Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools]] (WEC). All members of the school board resign except for segregationist [[Dale Alford]]. Blossom's contract as superintendent is bought out.
+In response to the Supreme Court decision, Faubus closes all four high schools in Little Rock: Horace Mann, Central, Hall, and Technical. Faubus derives his authority from a proclamation of the General Assembly meeting two weeks prior to the issuance of the Court's decision. Faubus also calls for a referendum on the issue of integration in Little Rock public schools.
-Wihout schools to attend some white students begin attending the hastily organized private [[T. J. Raney High School]] in October 1958.
+In a September 27, 1958, referendum Little Rock residents vote 19,470 to 7,561 to keep all the public schools closed rather than accept integration of facilities. This prompts the formation or redoubling of efforts by a number of citizen's action organizations, including the [[Capital Citizens' Council]], the [[Mother's League of Central High]], and the [[Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools]] (WEC). All members of the school board resign except for segregationist [[Dale Alford]]. Blossom's contract as superintendent is bought out.
-In December 1958 school board elections the WEC successfully places three moderates on the board. Segregationist candidates take the other three seats. In May 1959 the moderate bloc on the board walks out after other board members attempt a purge of teachers with integrationist leanings. Forty four teachers are summarily released at the board meeting. The mass firing prompts male leadership in the city to form the group [[Stop This Outrageous Purge]] (STOP). Segregationists form the [[Committee to Retain Our Segregated Schools]] (CROSS) in response. Both groups ask for a recall election of current board members. In the ensuing recall election of May 25, 1959, the three segregationist board members are removed and replaced by three moderates endorsed by both the WEC and STOP.
+Although more than 3,600 black and white students are left without schools to attend, about ninety percent of the white students find other schools to attend inside and outside the district. Many white students begin attending the hastily organized private [[T. J. Raney High School]] in October 1958. Little Rock teachers are left with empty classrooms. To pass the time they occasionally teach their subjects to each other. Fifteen teachers begin instructing students and the public on television, but are ordered to stop after one week by a federal court.
 ====Aftermath and ongoing struggle====
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 *Elizabeth Jacoway and C. Fred Williams, eds., ''Understanding the Little Rock Crisis: An Exercise in Remembrance and Reconciliation'' (Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press, 1999).
 *David L. Kirp, "Retreat into Legalism: The Little Rock School Desegregation Case in Historic Perspective," ''PS, Political Science & Politics'' 30.3 (September 1997): 443-448.
 *Irving J. Spitzberg, Jr., ''Racial Politics in Little Rock: 1954-1964'' (New York: Garland Publishing Company, 1987).
 *Shelby Steele, "The Legacy of Little Rock," ''Wall Street Journal,'' September 25, 2007.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 The '''Little Rock Desegregation Crisis''' was an international symbol of the early American Civil Rights movement in 1957.
@@ Line 11: / Line 10: @@
 On August 22, 1957, local segregationists invite Georgia governor Marvin Griffin to an interpositionist rally in Little Rock. Blossom, Faubus, and other school officials meet to discuss a possible violent backlash if Central High is immediately desegregated.
+[[Image:Little-rock-integration.jpg|thumb|Four black students are refused entrance to Central High by members of the Arkansas National Guard. September 4, 1957. Photo by LIFE photographer Francis Miller.]]
 ====The Crisis of 1957-1958====

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:21, 21 November 2008
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		+	[[Image:Little-rock-integration.jpg\|thumb\|Four black students are refused entrance to Central High by members of the Arkansas National Guard. September 4, 1957. Photo by LIFE photographer Francis Miller.]]
	The '''Little Rock Desegregation Crisis''' was an international symbol of the early American Civil Rights movement in 1957.		The '''Little Rock Desegregation Crisis''' was an international symbol of the early American Civil Rights movement in 1957.