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Acxiom Corporation

2024-03-06T14:23:39Z

Phil:

[[Image:Acxiom-hq.jpg|thumb|300px|The Acxiom River Market Tower is a twelve-story corporate office building just south of the River Market in downtown Little Rock. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
The '''Acxiom Corporation''' is a high tech company headquartered in Little Rock and Conway, Arkansas.

It was founded 1969 in Conway. Starting out as a small business, Acxiom ever since expanded its territory and obtained global success. It is now worldwide represented in 12 countries.
The principle of Acxiom is to help other companies to maximize their success. It focuses on increasing and improving client- company relations and strengthening their ties. The web presentation states that they “help companies increase revenue, reduce costs, lower risk and improve profits“. The company’s range of tools is very wide and reaches from products and services to fully planned solutions, all specialized in data management. Businesses profit from Acxiom’s huge amount of data in the information management or business intelligence sector, and learn how to analyze and communicate as well as how to please their customer’s wishes.
As Acxiom furnishes companies instead of private people it is still a company that is overall unknown to the bigger masses. Still, the company must be count to the most successful companies originated in Arkansas (see Wal Mart, Tyson, etc) and has experienced an immense growth in the past decades.

Acxiom's twelve-story headquarters at 1 Information Way in downtown Little Rock is only three blocks from [[President Clinton Avenue]].

====Company Origins====

The company owes its origins to [[Ward Industries]] owner [[Charles Ward]]. Ward was the son of [[David H. "Dave" Ward]], a blacksmith turned school bus manufacturer at [[Ward Body Works]] in Conway. In 1959 he walked away from his undergraduate studies at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, and instead began learning the manufacturing business at a satellite Ward plant his father had built in Austin, Texas. The company passed into the son's hands in 1968.

In the 1960s the company began an innovative program of computer-aided manufacturing and inventory control with IBM 360 mainframes. Ward exploited this experience gathered in the data processing department of the family bus company to found spinoff Demographics Inc. with brother [[Stephen Ward]] in November 1969. The immediate objective of Demographics was to meet the urgent mail list processing needs of the Young Leadership Council for the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party, long the dominant political force in Arkansas, had found a fierce competitor in billionaire New York transplant and Arkansas governor [[Winthrop Rockefeller]], who rejuvenated the struggling state Republican Party with a formidable campaign organization and new data processing machinery for political mailings.

Ward, at the time immersed in party politics as Arkansas' Democratic National Committeeman, rapidly grew the system for use in the successful gubernatorial election campaign of [[Dale Bumpers]] over Governor Rockefeller, the victory of Bill Alexander over challengers in the state's 1st Congressional District and in the failed 1969 Democratic presidential bid of Hubert Humphrey, who was defeated by Republican Richard M. Nixon. He also provided list processing, analysis, and consulting services in the failed draft movement of U.S. Representative [[Wilbur D. Mills]] as a potential candidate in the 1972 Presidential campaign. Demographics supported more than seventy Democratic candidates in other races in 1972. The company even had computers installed in the basement of the Watergate Building, which burglars failed to mark as a target during the infamous June 17, 1972 break-in by campaign staff members working under Nixon's directive. Acxiom also provided assistance to Lloyd Bentsen in the 1975 Presidential campaign.

The company attempted to diversify its client base by accepting data processing jobs from local Conway businesses "no matter how small." One of the earliest customers was the bus company itself, which in the 1950s processed its own inventory, payroll, financial records on an IBM 402 Accounting Machine and after December 1, 1966, on an IBM/System 360 Model 20. The company also secured a contract with local utility provider [[Conway Corp]] to process customer billing statements. Another early client was Conway's [[Nabholz Construction]]. More than fifty businesses contracted a variety of data processing services by 1974.

====Entry into Direct Mail Business====

The company was still largely a printing business, as data processing jobs exited the company's spartan metal building not over telecommunications lines but from a loading dock. The company occupied a 6,000 square-foot building housing an IBM System/370 Model 135 mainframe computer and press near the present [[Smitty's Bar-B-Que]] on Harkrider Avenue across from the main bus plant. Revenue had trebled from $388,000 in 1971 to $1.2 million only four years later. The company had over thirty-five full time employees, many hired away from the bus plant and still card-carrying members United Auto Workers. Demographics and Ward Bus drew from the same leadership pool. Both companies were organized under the umbrella corporation Ward Industries and had identical members serving on their boards of directors.

But then a perfect storm of technical, political, and other business challenges blew into Conway. Taking on the diverse data processing needs of local businesses stretched the expertise and data processing capacity of Demographics to its breaking point by 1975. The situation was complicated by changes in Federal Election Commission rules after the Watergate scandal, which "put a damper on" the company's political business. Then one of Demographics' most lucrative and only year-round sources of business, the Hot Springs land developer Diamondhead, folded. Employee salaries were slashed dramatically and ten employees lost their jobs.

In a seismic shift in leadership Charles Ward divested himself of Demographics in the midst of his own personal financial hardship. Mostly unrelated to the ongoing work of the small data processor, Ward had gambled his company's future on a new bus plant in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. The plant failed to thrive. Ward Bus Manufacturing eventually went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In the divestiture [[Charles D. Morgan]], an IBM-trained systems engineer and Demographics vice president since 1972, became the new president and CEO of Demographics.

"Like a lot of people in this business, I didn't exactly set out to do the job I do now," recounts Morgan. "My undergraduate degree from the University of Arkansas was in mechanical engineering. In the mid-60s, when I went to the university, there was no such thing as software engineering, otherwise I would have done that. My wife calls me a geek because I'm very much of an engineering frame of mind. But I did acquire business acumen along the way." Morgan's grandfather has been a successful Fort Smith, Arkansas, construction materials supplier, hardware wholesaler, and motel owner. This business passed to Morgan's father who "worried about things like sales, profits and borrowings," said Morgan. "[I]t helped a lot that I grew up in that environment."

Morgan moved over to Demographics from IBM when a tendered promotion promised to take him out of the state. Morgan's pool of employees included some old friends. He'd known Rodger Kline and Jim Womble since college and they'd worked together at IBM before leaving for Demographics. Wombled remembered that their IBM training "really served us well." Kline noted that Morgan was a master at convincing others to "work hard, enjoy it, have fun, and be successful." (More than fifty percent of early executive leadership remains with the company today.) But none of these ex-IBMers really expected to build more than a $10 million dollar business.

Morgan perceived in the wreckage of the old Ward Industries an opportunity to mainstream the mailing list technology developed for Demographics' original political customer user base. He encouraged company employees to reevaluate its dependence on ordinary data processing services, which provided small margins, and big political jobs that encouraged a culture of feast or famine. "If the candidate won, we might get paid. If they lost, don't even think about it," remembered Jim Womble, a systems analyst and sales manager at the time.

Hunting for inspiration and a new business plan, Morgan began prospecting in the direct mail industry. "I started calling some people in the mailing-list industry, and I guess I never realized what a big business it was," recalled Morgan. Soon Morgan was traveling to Greenwich, Connecticut, to meet with David Florence, an old friend and CEO of Direct Media Inc. Direct Media was the maker of Yellow Pages directories across the nation, and in touring the back rooms of the company Morgan quickly recognized that something was amiss. Everywhere he looked employees were manually compiling new Yellow Pages directories. "It was just a zoo," Morgan later remembered. "People were running around with stacks of these orders and these mailing lists. People were trying to find ones that were lost. It would give you a nervous stomach in about five minutes." Morgan explained to his friend that there was a better way to compile the lists. "I said [to myself], [h]ere is an opportunity," Morgan recalled. "Computers could do this a lot better."

Returning to Conway, Morgan encouraged employees to work nonstop on a solution to Direct Media's problems. Within two weeks the company had sketched out what has since been recognized as the nation's first fully-automated, online system for generating mailing lists. The entire programming job took nine months to accomplish. The solution became known as the List Order Fulfillment System (LOFS), with Direct Media as the sole customer.

The production order cycle for fulfillment orders on what came to be called the "CCX Network" followed a few basic steps: First the order was entered into the computer and print order edit copies produced. Then came selection: Operators ran a generalized pickoff once a day for all fulfillment files, analyzing and picking for selection all list orders in what was called "released" or "approved" status. Up to eight hundred orders were selected for a particular file in any single cycle. The computer then indicated to the operator which magnetic tape reels to mount and performed an automatic check to make sure the correct reel was mounted. During this process, the order remained in "selecting" status, and could not be changed. As the necessary reels were mounted and "read" by the computer, the records for all orders selected in the cycle were picked off. If the order required a cross section, the entire universe would be selected. The status of the order then changed to "selected."

The next step in producing the order was to sort all the selected names. When the sort took place, the cross sections were calculated for all orders requesting that process. Only the maximum number of names ordered was kept. Then the computer compared the selected quantities with the quantities specified in each order. If the quantity was not within acceptable limits, the computer flagged the order and "held it for count review." The order then went into what was called "counts?" status.

The status of all operator orders became available each morning by means of a printed status report. Operators had to take care at this point to review the status of each order and make sure that the next step in processing would generate the appropriate output. Bad orders could be revised or canceled at this point. If the operator approved the order it next was processed through a program called the Output Generator. The Output Generator created magnetic tapes with tape layouts and dumps. Information for table and card output was formatted into the actual printed image and saved on a spool tape for printing later. All required count reports were then generated and a copy of the order and the shipping labels were printed.

As the Output Generator produced each order, it updated the status of that order to "produced." Orders needing special handling were placed onto a separate magnetic tape. As soon as the Output Generator finished running the orders, the computer printed cards or labels from the spool tape.

The programming of LOFS and the Direct Media account represented a turning point for the company. Old employees were hired back and salaries were restored to their old levels, and the company began to grow again. "It gave us a niche in the national market and put us on the track for building and marketing databases, data warehouse, and data content, noted Morgan. "We continued to win new business because of LOFS and the technology around it," Rodger Kline said. "It was the only on-line fulfillment system for direct marketing."

Three years later the company began building its first comprehensive "marketing database" atop LOFS technology for the American Management Association, an organization providing business executive training. The completion of the database made it possible for the company to begin advertising what it called the personalized "computer letter" and its niche as a one-stop shop for direct mail services. Here "a computer is used in advertising as effectively as a bank uses one to compute your financial statement."

In mid-1970s advertisements the company touted computerized direct mail as a unique form of "selective mass communication." Business-to-business customers had control over the particular audience segment they wished to address, on a "person-to-person basis." (Today we call this "narrowcasting.") Computer letters were "confidential" and suggested unlimited possibilities for information delivery from seller to buyer. It made financial sense too, as "[y]ou talk only to those individuals most likely to take advantage of your offer, eliminating wasted advertising dollars." Computer letters could also take the place of the pitch of hurried and expensive door-to-door salesmen. "Company letters can make more personal calls on individuals or families in one day than the very best salesman can make in five years of hard work."

Automation did not have to mean cold and detached solicitations. Noted the company, "The appearance of the computer letter is similar to those typed by your secretary. The difference is indistinguishable to the untrained eye. Your letter can be tailored to fit your specific needs, and can be targeted to precisely the correct audience for your business. Your letter can be fully personalized because you may insert into the body of the letter any information contained in your name and address file. Your letter can be accurately dispatched to reach your audience on a predetermined time schedule. Personalized direct mail advertising is an ideal way to: announce a new product or service; produce qualified sales leads, maintain contact with your customer - a personal letter expressing appreciation for your customer's business will create good will for your company; secure new distributors or retail outlets for your product; solicit opinions and attitudes about your products and services."

The company backed up these promises with creative copy assistance, art and design help, a complete print shop, and its own mail room facilities. The first customer for these services was the American Bible Society.

====The Company Goes Public====

In 1979-80 the company began branching out into the credit card list processing business, picking up a major client in Citibank.

To keep up with the demand for list processing, technical support specialist David Moix engaged in a one-man arms race. He first installed two midrange IBM 4341 Processors compatible with System/370 (and with an instruction execution speed 3.2 times faster), two of IBM's fastest tape drives, and six Control Data Corporation disk drives in May 1980. By September 1980 he was installing an additional IBM 3370 DASD control unit with 571.3 megabytes of auxiliary storage and Control Data Dual Access Facility for disk drives. In October he purchased two megabytes of memory for one of the 4341s, and in November two IBM high speed printers. Moix also set up a new CCX Network Control Center for remote teleprocessing. Job control language (JCL) scripting and insertion of prewritten JCL procedures ("PROCS") was handled by Dale Gill, an operations analyst then working on his computer science undergraduate degree at the [[University of Central Arkansas]].

To reflect the transformation of the company into a full-fledged information technology company (and to reduce confusion with Demographics Systems of New York), in 1980 two executives, Rodger Kline and James Womble, succeeded in their petition to change the company name to CCX [Conway Communications Exchange], Inc. Noted Client Services Department executive Jennifer Phillips in the pages of company newsletter ''The CCXchange'', "We tripled our staff in List Development, doubled it in Production Control, and doubled it in Order Control and Shipping. These figures are even more significant when you realize our production levels increased over 100%!"

Employees began reporting information production performance in the company in terms of "cumulative names shipped." Research & development head George Balogh was running approximately 350 million name and address records every week through the LOFS system with his "Selector" program in 1980. Of course, not all of those names were selected in any given job and then "shipped" to the customer. In the single month of November 1982 the company actually shipped 79,479,812 cumulative names. One year later it was 90,149,263 names.

In 1983 CCX became a publicly traded company under the revised name CCX Network, Inc. It also collected its first major award from the Direct Marketing Association, the Gold Echo Award for innovative technology, and recognition as a DMA Echo Direct Marketing Leader. In 1984 the company's tech staff began working on its first multi-sourced data enhancement database.

====Electronic Mail====

Acxiom's directors spent about $1 million looking at electronic mail as a future marketing technology, but eventually wrote off the effort as a failure.

====The Crunch of '87====

In 1986 [[Phil Carter]] joined the company as president and chief operating officer. Carter and Morgan together began making a few aggressive acquisitions each year. CCX Network first acquired BSA Inc. of New Jersey, a maker of merchandise fulfillment software systems for the catalog industry. Morgan and Carter then began looking to Europe for opportunities, purchasing direct marketing computer service bureau Southwark Computer Services Ltd of the United Kingdom in December 1986 and turning it into Acxiom U.K., Ltd. In 1986 it also received licensure as a provider for the National Change of Address (NCOA) system. The next year it added computerized direct mail business Modern Mailers of Philadelphia, Pa., to the company portfolio. Modern Mailers, with its personalized printing and lettershop operations, became Acxiom Mailing Services (AMS).

Recalled Morgan, "Expansion doesn't look so daunting if you build this way - adding three companies this year, and four the next and before you know it you have a billion dollar company." Systems engineers and programmers in the Productions and Advanced Systems divisions of the company were not quite ready to agree. In 1987 CCX Network experienced a second bottleneck rivaling the 1975 perfect storm. Associates of the company even had a name for it: the "Crunch of '87." The Crunch was caused by newly inaugurated marketing services plans and a serious and growing backlog of data processing requests, and exacerbated by difficulties encountered in the installation of new hardware and software to alleviate the problem.

In 1987, in a joint venture with Young and Rubicam, Inc., the company began assembling a massive marketing database containing records on 200 million American consumers and 10 million businesses. Attached to individual's names were their age, income, whether they owned a home or not, automobiles in their possession, occupation, number of children, level of education, personal buying habits, types of credit cards used, and other personal measurements like height and weight. The information gave the company, noted corporate communications chier Peter Hoelscher, to identify "all of the left-handed, red-haired plumbers in Milwaukee that drive Chevrolets." Acxiom used InfoBase to verify records in client databases and also to help match new customers to its clients products and services. Acxiom maintained Infobase on IBM mainframes running the Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) multiprocessing operating system.

At the same time David Moix, with the assistance of John Berry, Michael Linz, and many others, struggled to clear the clogged stream of bits in the company's list order fulfillment operation. In February 1988 a self-anointed "Cross Section Gang" began working on a solution to the problem of large and growing heaps of tapes haphazardly maintained in the tape library by creating an automatic tape scratching system. The others worked to bring on-line mass storage by December 1988, installing a StorageTek 4400 Automated Cartridge System with host software, a library management and control units, storage modules, and cartridge subsystems. The components provided for fully robotic mounting and dismounting of 6,000 individual cartridge tapes into a cartridge drive. Moix reported that "account service personnel will be able to increase the size of jobs running through ALDS [?] while reducing their turnaround time on these jobs. The ACS, together with ALDS, eliminates the need for work requests and operator intervention, allowing the operators to focus on those jobs that cannot be automated."

Remarked Charles Morgan in the aftermath, "During the recent production crunch we held meetings among all directors to allocate each day's use of overall resources. The experience reinforced the need for a greater subordination of processing services. If we have to negotiate for each resource in each step of the total process, nothing will get done. That is bureaucracy at its worst. The three operating divisions established at CCX Network is one step in meeting this challenge."

====CCX Becomes Acxiom Corporation====

On July 20, 1988, the CCX Network became the Acxiom Corporation, a name combining the Greek word "axiom" (''axioma'' [ἀξίωμα], a proposition widely accepted on its own merits) with an homage to the unusual consonant combination in the former name. The client base of Arkansas companies receiving services dwindled rapidly to zero, replaced by national companies like [?]. "We knew if we were going to be a serious business, we had [to] break out of the regional status," recalled Morgan. "Otherwise, we were going to struggle." Acxiom proffered a wide spectrum of services for its list industry clients (catalog mailers, direct marketers), including address hygiene, list rental fulfillment, merge purge, postal presort, public database creation, and segmentation.

The most common service requested from the List Industry Services Division on the second floor of the Account Services Building on the new Conway company campus was list rental fulfillment, assisting clients wanting to rent their own databases and optionally "enhance" them with data pulled from Acxiom's marketing database. Major competitors in the late 1980s included IBM and General Motor's Electronic Data Systems division. Other list processing services involved gathering names, printing and mailing solicitations, weeding out potentially undeliverable mail, processing address lists through the National Change of Address registry, correcting address lists, and removing duplicate records. Segmentation services split customer lists into smaller groups based on lifestyle characteristics, buying behavior, income and wealth, and other attributes. Shipping of lists to customers was still accomplished from the loading dock, conveyed by air freight, or delivered by U.S. Mail express service.

In 1988 Marketlead Services Ltd, a promotional materials handling and merchandise fulfillment operation in Sunderland, England, joined the ranks of Acxiom subsidiaries.

In 1989 it shut down BSA and AMS picked up Guideposts Associates Inc., a New York State publisher of the religious periodical ''Guideposts'', seeking information management expertise related to its list of 20 million names. Guideposts had its own database, called GS/2000, but found itself needing a more robust subscription fulfillment system that integrated its products and customer service functions in one silo, and to verify its records against InfoBase to better target its solicitations for books and magazines. One year later Acxiom began processing and sending out 200 million pieces of mail annually in a contract with Rodale Press, publisher of ''Organic Gardening, Bicycling, Runner's World, American Woodworker,'' and ''Backpacker Magazine.'' Spencer's Gifts also reached out to Acxiom for similar catalog services. The company managed the increased load with Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)-based direct-attached tape storage (DAS), which eventually became too hard to scale up. It also began working on its first marketing relational database system.

In 1991 the company suffered a brief dip in profitability, caused in part by steep postal cost increases and a recession. The company announced layoffs totaling four hundred employees in the first contraction for the company since 1975. Contracts with Allstate Insurance and Trans Union benefited the company enormously in the early 1990s, and revenue grew from $89.7 million in 1989-1990 to $964.5 million in 1999-2000. Acxiom began managing the Trans Union data center in Chicago and Allstate's databanks in 1992. It had built up an impressive array of other clients as well: junk mailer Advo, the magazine servicer Fulfillment Corporation of America, Chase Manhattan Bank, AT&T, National Liberty Life Insurance, Marriott Vacation Club International, and Prudential Insurance Company.

In 1995 it forged a strategic alliance with The Polk Company of Detroit, managing the company's data processing center in Taylor, Michigan, in return for access to Polk's databanks of automobile vehicle registrations for use by its insurance industry clients. In July 1995 it acquired all issued and outstanding shares of Generator Datamarketing Ltd of the U.K., paying $6.46 million. One month later it purchased DataQuick Information Systems and DQ Investment Corporation of La Jolla, Calif., a provider of information about real estate holdings and purchases, in a $24 million stock swap.

In 1996 it engaged in a strategic partnership with Oracle, sharing its own relational data warehousing technology and decision-support systems in exchange for Oracle database support and online analytical processing (OLAP). By that year the company had expanded its information infrastructure to six linked and robot-assisted data silos that matched information stored on tapes at a speed of sixty miles per hour. Twenty mainframes running MVS in a single, massive, parallel-processing system plowed through data at 1.3 billion bytes per second. The mainframes were soon replaced by a symmetrical multiprocessing (SMP) platform thereby allowing any processor to work on any task no matter where the data for that task are located in memory.

When David Florence moved to sell his stake in Direct Media in 1996, Morgan stepped in to acquire the company for $25 million.

Also in 1996 the company made major purchases of capital stock in ProCD, Inc., a maker of white pages reference data CD-ROMS, eventually acquiring the company outright. ProCD technology allowed Acxiom to move into smaller market niches, like list management for small businesses, and Internet provision of services. It sold the retail part of ProCD to American Business Information in exchange for more proprietary technology.

Around 1997 Acxiom acquired healthcare direct marketers Buckley Dement, KM Lists, Normadress of Paris, National List Protection, and MultiNational Concepts. The Buckley Dement acquisition was especially historic. Homer Buckley of Skokie, Illinois' Buckley Dement had coined the term "direct mail" in 1900, co-founded the Direct Mail Advertising Association in 1917, and published the classic text on the subject in 1924. Along with Buckley Dement the company acquired its affiliate KM Lists, Inc.

The aim of the Acxiom Data Network, launched in 1997, was to help clients "fine-tune" their databases over a secure Internet connection. Smaller companies no longer had to ship their files to the company to take advantage of Acxiom's InfoBase services, but could access them right from the desktop. Morgan called it "a defining moment" for the company. In 1997 Acxiom's chief competitors, data brokers ChoicePoint and LexisNexis, were also voraciously swallowing smaller fish in the industry with access to motor vehicle and police records, real estate property filings, consumer surveys, birth and death certificates, fishing licenses, marriage and divorce decrees, and criminal and civil court dossiers.

In 1998 Acxiom acquired Downers Grove, Ill.-based direct marketing and information management outsourcing firm May & Speh, Inc., a leading competitor, in a $625 million stock swap. May & Speh's largest client was Sears, Roebuck & Co., for which it conducted demographic analyses on a Univac File Computer beginning in the mid-1950s. The two companies had studied the proposed merger for four years. The acquisition made Acxiom the largest database marketer in the world. The combination of technology forged from the merger of these companies - joining the May & Speh Quiddity system and the Acxiom Data Network - resulted in a system that allowed customers to use and manipulate company data online over the Internet in realtime. Database queries on 350 trillion characters of stored consumer data that only four years before took six minutes to return results now averaged only nineteen seconds.

At the turn of the millennium the company continued to make strategic acquisitions, including Phoenix-based Computer Graphics, Inc., Horizon Systems Inc., and Marketing Technology, S.A. of Spain in 1999. The company also acquired customer database integration technology from AbiliTec and the real-time Solvitur enterprise codebase from Active Software in 1999. The AbiliTec product took a reference database of twenty billion records and joined them at a rate of 40 billion records linked per month. AbiliTec required the work of twenty Unix environments running in a symmetrical multiprocessing architecture. It continues to work on replacing this architecture with CII [Customer Information Infrastructure] grid computing technology, which since its start in October 2001 has proved 86 percent cheaper and seventy-seven percent faster. About three hundred IT staff members are working feverishly to create a resource scheduler, grid control, maintenance interfaces, and improve software distribution functions and grid-enabled data management functions, sometimes with the help of open source software.

The company by 2004 housed in its five acre "shark tank" in Conway, Arkansas, more than 850 terabytes of data and twenty billion customer records scattered across multiple databases with real-time support applications in multiple locations worldwide. The company maintains its operations more and more on a stable and inexpensive network of personal computers instead of high-end servers as part of its grid computing initiatives. The grid was composed of 4,000 rack-mounted, two-processor nodes, with each node a PC-based Linux server.

To meet turn of the century computing demands the older direct-attached storage model, which created hard to access "islands of information," was replaced by a Fibre Channel-based storage area network (SAN). Noted technical systems leader Greg Cherry, "SANs could give us the flexibility to build solutions very quickly, scale upward or downward as necessary, and move storage as requirements changed. We thought we could manage our heterogeneous server and storage environments more efficiently." The company actually deployed a number of SANs, including one forty-switch SAN utilizing SilkWorm 2800 fabric switches from Brocade Communications. The switches allowed the data center full interoperability between its seventy Compaq, Hewlett Packard, IBM, and Sun Microsystems servers. The heterogeneous SAN environment created housed more than 500 terabytes of data, and permitted backup rates in excess of a terabyte an hour in its "automated factory" for making "data."

It formed an alliance with Dun & Bradstreet, sharing its InfoBase in return for business-to-business marketing data in 1999. Similar alliances were struck with Broomfield, Colorado's Abacus Direct Corporation and Palo Alto, California's E.piphany.

The company's current demographic and consumer marketing segmentation product is called Personicx. Introduced in 2002, Personicx uses a thirteen-digit code to place every household into a particular "lifestyle cluster." Acxiom customers use Personicx to locate the "best customers and prospects," scattered across seventy discrete household clusters. These clusters are given names like "Married Sophisticates," "Penny Pinchers", "Skyboxes and Suburbans," "Summit Estates," "Rolling Stones," "Single City Struggles," "Aging Upscale," and "Timeless Elders." The product is also dynamic. Depending on particular circumstances or "lifestyle trigger events" - like graduation, the birth of a child, marriage, or retirement - about a third of the households are reassigned to a new demographic cluster each year.

In 2003 it acquired lifestyle data provider and market segmentation firm Claritas Europe.

In 2004 Acxiom added AddressAbility to its product lineup for customer address list cleaning. The product fixed inaccurate zip codes and added codes to records missing them, and added Carrier Route Coding information to secure post office presort discounts. The product received Coding Accuracy Support System (CASS) certification scores above 98 percent. That same year Acxiom acquired consumer lifestyle and behavior tracker Consodata of Britain, France, Germany, and Spain.

In 2005 Acxiom purchased internet database management software maker Digital Impact for $140 million.

In 2007 the company acquired consulting and data analysis firm Equitec, and behavioral-targeting firm EchoTarget Inc. The company can help marketers custom-tailor internet ads to online browsers with tracking cookies and a product called Relevance-X.

Other company brands, trademarks, or operating units are Opticx, for measuring data quality, Acxiom Information Security Services (discussed below), and Postal Optimization Products and Services. Many of these acquisitions, noted company lawyer Tim Spainhour in a 2003 U.S. House briefing, allows Acxiom to provide "prescreened lists for credit and insurance solicitations" and "recognize and engage customers who have the highest need for their product or service." They also sped up "postal certification" and enhanced "consumer choice."

====Company Organization and Unconventional Culture====

Acxiom shed its local customer base early in its history but it remained a celebrated institution in a state better known for its forest products, rice production, and blue-collar specialty-industrial workforce. Its unconventional early political connections also made it especially noteworthy and powerful. Only a handful of information technology firms emerged within the borders of the state in the last decades of the twentieth century, most notably banking software developer Systematics, ATM network specialist Arksys, and wireless telecommunications provider Alltel. "We've always been enigmatic. People really do not know what we do, because for years, we had no customers in Arkansas," noted Jerry Adams.

Instead the companies extended its tendrils to the left and right coasts of the country, into Canada, and overseas to the United Kingdom and continental Europe. Overcoming the "Arkansas stereotype" was not always easy. The state regularly falls near the bottom in state rankings of economic and social development. Indeed Arkansans themselves regularly "Thank God for Mississippi."

Morgan encouraged potential clients to visit Conway anyway. The strategy of playing off of lowered expectations worked. "When people from New York, or Northeast visit, they're usually astounded by our facility," said Morgan. "But on the other hand if we were located in Silicon Valley, it would probably be just what they had expected." The company also spoiled prospects with Southern hospitality. "It is rare if visitors are here more than a day and don't say, 'I was really surprised by your nice facility, but as I spent time in the building what impressed me most were your friendly people, especially their enthusiasm and energy," said Morgan. "Our people exemplify a small town 'customer service' philosophy. They provide the same type of 'personalized' service you would expect to find at the corner store where the owner knows your name." As big-time corporate players like J.B. Hunt, Tyson Foods, and Wal-Mart gained national notoriety, and as the state established a reputation as a haven for rust belt industries looking for lower wages scales and nonunion employees, concerns about working with an Arkansas-bred company melted away.

Despite this, Acxiom was initially developed somewhat insular groups according to services provided. In the 1980s Direct Marketing Services under Hank Ponder Jr. handled new business such as catalogers, insurance companies, nonprofit fundraisers, club and membership organizations, horticulture companies, subscription agencies as well as retailers who wish to utilize direct marketing programs to stimulate store traffic. List Industry Services under Jim T. Womble and Jerry Adams provided customers who are list owners, list managers, and list brokers, with a "marketing edge, either through expense control or through the timely delivery of ... service." National Marketing Services under Don W. Barrett Jr. provided direct marketing information services to publishers, financial institution and Fortune 500 companies. Advanced Systems under Alex Dietz developed and managed key applications systems like LOFS, Quick Systems, Convert Systems, Demodup Systems, and ALDS. Business Development, run by Jennifer T. Barrett, developed prospects, customers, and our own employees on a corporatewide basis. Corporate Staff under R.P. Carter handled interdivisional revenue opportunities. The Financial Services Division housed the accounting staff and corporate accounting and the integrity of all financial information. General Services Division housed facilities management, purchasing, construction, etc. The Information Services Division handled data processing, and superintended over the PC Development Group, Software Support Group, Hardware Support Group, and Management Information Systems Group.

In 1990 the company realigned its divisions by specific industry categories: Business Services, Consumer/Financial, Media/Services, and Retail/Catalog. Said COO Phil Carter at the time, "Aligning by industries, rather than services provided will enable Acxiom's customers to get all their marketing services from one group and one customer service team. This will allow customers to do business with one set of people – people who are specialists in their industry and who understand their particular objectives." Said Phil Bartos, group executive for Retail/Catalog Services, at the time, "We want to marry our customers not just date them." The company retained its older International Services Group to control its growing overseas business.

Acxiom then began building up new collaborative team-oriented management and work structures, leading to its being named Best Place to Work five times by ''Fortune'' magazine. "This ... fundamentally changed how we think and operate," Morgan said, calling it a major turning point in company history. "I can't even imagine what this place would be like if we hadn't done what we did." Acxiom adopted Japanese management techniques that enlist employees in solving job-related problems. In 1988 a Quality Circle Program called CCXCEL was initiated at the Conway headquarters. Two years later the company launch a total quality management program called "Race for Excellence."

Company employees also lost their formal titles. "Unlike other companies built on a pile of staff titles and multiple management levels, at Acxiom, associates don't have titles," announced the company in later marketing materials. "The company did away with them ... to create an environment without boundaries, where all associates are empowered to make decisions to facilitate their specific client's business goals. Acxiom's flat team-based management structure results in an energized staff that is more empowered, more engaged in the business and always coming up with new ideas for retail customers. Teams often become an extension of their client's business, participating in strategic-business planning sessions or even going as far as strolling stores and talking with shoppers." Employees are known by their function rather than their rank in the company nomenclature. The company encourages collegiality and openness to team-building in training exercises promoting what executives call "'Acxiom-style' leadership." "In the old style of management, it's up to the manager to control a person's time," noted David Moix. "He or she will say, 'Here's what I need you to do, and when.' At Acxiom, in contrast, a leader will say to a person on the team, 'Here's what we need to accomplish. I need you to tell me what you'll need to do to make that happen, how long it will take, and what resources you'll require.' What I've seen, actually, is that individual employees will take on more responsibility and perform better when there's this sort of open discussion, as opposed to someone just giving them orders."

In April 1993 the company inaugurated telecommuting for many of its employees. The first participant in the At-Home Worker Project was Tina Bailey. "They have a flexible work environment," explained Peter Hoelscher, "For example, they can leave at 2 o'clock to go to a United Way committee meeting or a parent-teacher conference. It's very family-friendly." The company added on-site recreational/wellness and childcare facilities for employees. Childcare was especially welcome as more than half of all Acxiom employees by the late 1990s were women.

In 1997 Charles Morgan attempted to break down the corporate hierarchy by adopting the title "Company Leader." To reduce the chasm between the front line "associates" and the administrative groups he banned executive titles and gave all group leaders the same size office that he enjoyed, one measuring ten feet by ten feet. He inaugurated weekly "Morgan's Minutes" messages to associates and read emails generated by the Minutes carefully. The suit and dress tie were relegated to the dust bin through one such feedback loop, when an annual associate satisfaction survey showed that Acxiom's traditional dress code was a top cause of employee dissatisfaction.

By the first decade of the twenty-first century work at the company was organized into four fairly independent "silos." Three of these silos were managed from Arkansas: Data Products, Services, and Financial Services. The fourth division, Outsourcing, was managed from Downers Grove, Illinois. The company had main overseas operations headquartered in London, Paris, Phoenix, Sunderland, and Sydney.

The company also completed a 2002 transition away from the old headquarters in Conway into the $25 million twelve-story [[Acxiom River Market Tower]] in downtown Little Rock. "We wanted to separate our headquarters from our operations," Morgan noted. "There was a certain stigma for some people when they discovered that our operations and headquarters were in the same building." Some of the down-home charm was retained: During the [[Clinton Library dedication]] in November 2004 Acxiom employees were warned to refrain from bringing deer hunting rifles to work with them because the [[Acxiom River Market Tower]] overlooked the presidential library site. November is prime deer hunting season in Arkansas.

====Privacy and Security Concerns====

In 1980 security problems amounted to petty theft. As announced in the ''CCXchange'': "We are currently experiencing some difficulties with unauthorized use of our back door (near the shipping department) after normal working hours. The recent theft of the microwave and our coffee supplies only serves to remind all of us of the importance of keeping our building locked when most of us are not here."

Treating data as if it were a commodity for sale and the increasing complexity of federal statutes led to many internal policy changes. In the 1990s credit reports were strictly protected, as were video rental records and federal agency records, but medical records, bank records, credit card reports, and other database company records were not.

As part of the culture change at the company initiated in 1990 Acxiom employees adopted a vocabulary of data privacy predicated on a matrix known as the "hierarchy of data protection." The hierarchy divided the company's raw material into data that was privately owned, restricted-use, household specific, predictive in nature, and information that was basic and easily "observable." Privately owned data was for the use of company management only, and was never to be put directly into the hands of another company. Restricted-use and household data was to be shared carefully and controlled only by marketing personnel abiding by strict contractual agreements. Predictive data, used in making segmentation decisions, was to be shared with clients only in the form of final computed "scores or codes." Basic information could be used in preparing reference materials and in targeted campaigns.

Acxiom established a Corporate Privacy Council in 1991 to guide the company it its attempts to assure compliance with state and national data privacy rules and regulations. According to testimony before the Federal Trade Commission, the company established the council to "protect the information it processes on consumers and to promote policies within the industry to protect individual privacy." The establishment of a privacy council opened a window to begin engaging in consumer privacy consulting. The company has increasingly turned its attention to providing services related to customer loyalty, brand protection, and what it calls "consumer advocacy."

Also in 1991 the company created a new position of "chief privacy officer," a first for the industry. The position was given to Jennifer Barrett, hired by Morgan in 1974 straight out of the math and computer science program at the University of Texas at Austin. By the late 1980s Barrett had risen in the company to the position of Business Development Division Leader, charged with identifying prospective clients and developing the skill base of its own employees. Barrett has encouraged her company and other companies that manage personal data to take care when when turning that information into behavioral targeting campaigns. She encourages companies to take stock of how "shocked the average consumer would be to learn what information is being collected about his/her behavior and how you plan to use it in a campaign," especially sensitive medical data or information about children. She also suggests that companies to avoid making direct references to information gleaned from individual buyer decisions the "leave him with the feeling he is being watched."

Acxiom led on privacy even when other players in direct marketing failed to follow. "The first time I brought up privacy policy at the DMA [Direct Marketing Association] was 1992, when I joined the board," Morgan has stated. "Everyone looked at me like I was an idiot. It wasn't on the agenda." Despite this, a consumer and citizen privacy backlash has in some ways defined the operations of the company and the industry sector as a whole since the mid-1990s. Acxiom suffered from some public and legislative fallout over its for-profit data aggregation services in these years. To counteract this impression Acxiom entered into agreements with the Direct Marketing Association to develop "opt out" methods for customers who did not want their information entered into Acxiom's burgeoning databases. In 1999 marketing executive Jerry Adams noted that "one of the areas that is very important to Acxiom is consumer privacy. We recognize the importance of privacy, and we also recognize the need for helping major companies be efficient with their information-management decisions."

Since 2000 a series of major security breaches and privacy gaffs attracted national attention to the company. The first two breaches resulted in what has since been called "the biggest data heist ever." In August 2003 Daniel Baas, a twenty-four year old systems administrator for a Cincinnati, Ohio, data marketing company was caught a with a stack of compact disks containing records on millions of Americans. The records found in his home had come from Acxiom. Baas had been trolling through one of the company's unencrypted ftp servers, using a legitimate vendor password, for two years. Baas had apparently not released the data (10 percent of the company's total stockpile) at least not publically, but had contacted others for help in creating his own data silo in exchange for access to the stolen records. Baas pled guilty to federal cybercrime charges and was sentenced in December 2003. Said federal prosecutor Robert Behlen, "Had the defendant chosen to post the stolen information on the Internet or used it to open credit card accounts, the amount of damage would have been significantly higher."

As Baas was being investigated, the Secret Service and Federal Bureau of Investigation uncovered a whole den of hackers in Boca Raton, Florida, with unauthorized password access to the same Acxiom server. One of the files found by the Florida hackers included a list of encrypted passwords used by about three hundred legitimate Acxiom clients, including Citigroup and J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. About forty percent of those passwords were hacked, leading to more server intrusions. Here again the data, 1.6 billion names, addresses, phone numbers, had not been used for nefarious purposes. In that case federal prosecutors lodged a 139-count indictment against forty-five year old executive Scott Levine of Snipermail.com, a bulk email marketer. He was found guilty on one hundred and twenty counts. Said Morgan at the time, "We dodged a howitzer with that one. It was a whole company-a bunch of crooks. If it had been the Russian mafia, we would have been in a hell of a mess." The company reacted by upgrading security procedures, going to extraordinary lengths to restore confidence in the company by conducting eighty-two security audits in a single year following the breaches.

*on Acxiom data breaches see: http://pseudo-flaw.net/content/acxiom/

Only days after the government issued an arrest warrant for Baas another, equally damaging, data breach in potential violation of the Privacy Act of 1974, placing commercially available data into the hands of a federal government agency without informing the public, came to light. In September 2003 the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) "submitted a complaint against JetBlue Airways and Acxiom with the Federal Trade Commission, citing the unauthorized release of passenger information to the U.S. Department of Transportation in early subcontracting work preceding the post-9/11 computer assisted passenger prescreening program known as CAPPS II." In the harrowing days after 9/11 Acxiom and the federal government had initiated an ongoing and extensive data sharing partnership. Acxiom director [[Mack McLarty]], chief of staff in the Clinton administration, realized almost immediately that information housed in the company's data warehouses would be of value to federal investigators.

Washington certainly needed the help. Reflecting on the federal response to the terrorist attacks Morgan complained, "Homeland Security has done a poor job of doing just about anything." After sharing data on eleven of the attackers as a patriotic duty Morgan recalled how the FBI came calling with obsolete Intel 286 laptops. Said Morgan, "Their technology was unbelievably bad, and the international terror experts were computer illiterate." The FBI spent months at Acxiom, using the company's storehouse of data under subpoena to track associates of the terrorists and compile a case for the deportation of two Muslim men who boarded planes on 9/11 with box cutters on credit card scam charges. Remembered Morgan, "We were always paranoid about people looking at the data in that way - as an investigative tool. It was a slow-going, laborious discovery process, with some amazing moments." Acxiom also began making presentations in other parts of the federal government. It showed the Department of Health and Human Services, for instance, how it could track down one hundred individuals all using the same Social Security number. It also showed the U.S. Department of Justice how it could use "marker words and phrases" to conduct web surveillance for sensitive material on "abortion, racial superiority, politics, religion, immigration, and foreign affairs."

Clinton himself had visited Acxiom headquarters on October 5, 2001, and recommended the company be considered as a first line of defense against terrorists boarding airplanes. Retired General Wesley Clark, an Arkansan, seconded the recommendation with his own positive assessment and later helped the company open doors as a consultant. Acxiom's help, however, precipitated a crisis pitting national security interests against the personal privacy of citizens. "A lot of the headway we have made lies in the access that General Clark has provided," said Morgan in a 2002 memo, "Here's the approach he takes to helping position Acxiom: 'IT has a role to play because we'll never be safe enough if we try to build walls and conduct searches and screenings. We have to really know who our neighbors are and what their interests are.'" In February 2003 Acxiom became a passenger prescreening subcontractor.

The perils of such an data sharing alliance became clear after JetBlue released five million passenger records to Pentagon subcontractor Torch Concepts to determine whether patterns in passenger travel datasets could reveal potential terrorists who might use planes to attack military bases. Torch matched some of the JetBlue records to Social Security numbers, wealth status, occupation, and other data it received from Acxiom. For the tests Torch used what it called a legitimate intermediary, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), now part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The way the data was passed along not only failed to meet federal compliance standards but, EPIC alleged, violated Acxiom's own privacy policies and represented deceptive trade practices. The breach was discovered when Torch included private information on a JetBlue customer on a slide in a Homeland Security symposium presentation entitled, "Homeland Security: Airline Passenger Risk Assessment."

Caught up in the JetBlue scandal was General Clark himself, who had just declared as a candidate in the upcoming 2004 presidential race. Clark had no knowledge of Torch passenger profiling, but suffered under the intense media glare surrounding the incident as it became clear that he had helped Acxiom win government contracts for CAPPS II. Acxiom general counsel Jerry Jones defended the actions of the company. "We reached out to [Clark] as someone who might get the attention in Washington of our capabilities," noted Jones. "He was looking for ways to help make the country safer and more secure." CAPPS was canceled in 2004 and later replaced by the TSA's Secure Flight program. Also ensnared in the tug-of-war between personal privacy and national security was retired Admiral John Poindexter, who saw his federal Terrorism Information Awareness (TIA) program, and a proposed terrorism futures exchange, canceled by Congress. Acxiom had also reportedly been interested in subcontracting work on Poindexter's exchange and other TIA projects.

Acxiom's data privacy struggles have pushed company executives to venture into one increasingly profitable area of business: data security products and security consulting services. Acxiom Information Security Services, developed out of the acquired security screening division of TransUnion, markets itself in the areas of online fraud prevention, sales channel management, data loss prevention, authorizations, and secure email. The company sells fraud management products conforming to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), the various federal driver`s privacy protection acts (DPPAs), and the GLBA Safeguard Rules and FTC Privacy Rule and Interagency Guidelines. Acxiom's background screening products conform to the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA).

====End of the Morgan Era====

In July 2005 Acxiom's largest shareholder, the hedge fund ValueAct Capital Partners, launched a hostile corporate takeover of the company. ValueAct offered to buy outstanding shares of the company for $23 and then $25 dollars per share. Jeffrey Ubben of ValueAct complained that Morgan's personal lifestyle, which included racing in NASCAR events and developing the private La Querencia golf community in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, had led to an inexorable drift in his attention away from the profitability of the company. "Every once in awhile, when the train goes off the track, we are activists," said Ubben.

The company board of directors ([[Thomas F. McLarty III]], [[William T. Dillard II]], [[Mary L. Good]], [[Ann Die Hasselmo]], [[Stephen M. Patterson]], and Morgan) rebuffed the offer. In May 2007 Charles Morgan announced a $3 billion plan to take the company private. When this bid failed, Morgan retired from the business and the company agreed to acquisition by ValueAct and Silver Lake Partners in a $2.25 billion deal. In October 2007 the private equity firms walked away from the deal when the business environment for such deals crumbled, paying a $65 million penalty. The company remains publicly traded.

In February 2008 [[John Meyer]] became the chief executive officer of Acxiom. Meyer reorganized what he called the "nebulous" organizational structure of the company, dividing it into "business lines" (Customer Data Integration & Marketing Services, Information Products, Digital Marketing Services, Consulting Services, IT Services, and Background Screening Products) and "markets" for those lines (Financial Services & Brokerage, Retail & Consumer Packaged Goods, Travel & Entertainment Media Telecom, Insurance Health Technology, Manufacturing & Distribution Auto, Europe, and APAC). This organization assured that in each transaction at least two separate people would be engaged in making sure that technology services were provided and relationship nurtured.

Meyer also repositioned Acxiom as a "global interactive marketing services company." It still engages in some political marketing business, most notably in the 2004 presidential race when it helped the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee and America Coming Together connect with voters much like private businesses would with potential consumers. The company competes in the marketplace with Experian Information Solutions, Dunn & Bradstreet, and Harte-Hanks. The company had sales of $1.3 billion in 2007-2008. Acxiom employs about 6,600 people across the United States and in eleven foreign countries.

====Clients====

Acxiom helps twenty-four of the top twenty-five credit card issuers identify appropriate customers for its products.

Current clients include Advance Publications, Allstate Insurance, AT & T, Bank of America, Citibank, Conseco, Federated Department Stores, First USA Bank, General Electric Capital Corporation, IBM, The Polk Company, Proctor & Gamble, [[Sears]], Trans Union, and [[Wal-Mart]]. Many of these clients are contractually obligated in long-term commitments.

====Odds and Ends====

*title: some riff on Acxiom, algorithms, applied research, and Arkansas
*idea: "unlikely" (City of Colleges) emergence deep inside Arkansas, at midpoint between Pickles Gap and Toad Suck.
*question: benefits from Arksys, Systematics, Alltel? employees "poached" from there? Where do employees come from? Hendrix? UCA? U of A? UALR? Where?
*How to keep data fresh and accurate?
*IBM 370 assembler important skill
*interviewing Jennifer Barrett, Jim Cloninger, Jim Briggler, Peter Hoelscher, Susan Kennedy, Sherry Collier, Robert Burks, George Balogh, Linda Kirtley, Mark Bausom
*ask for questions from Phil Bartos, Michael Herring, Philip Philpott, Holly Easley
*watch The Persuaders on Frontline
*look through security and privacy bibliography for potential questions
*how was quality control managed?
*http://www.acxiom.com/about_us/overview/milestones/Pages/2008.aspx
*http://www.accessmylibrary.com/

====Acxiom Employee Growth====

*all figures are approximate

*1972 - 25 "associates"
*1974 - 35
*1975 - 25
*1990 - 1,600
*1991 - 1,585
*1994 -
*1995 - 1,850
*1996 - 2,500
*1997 - 3,300
*1998 - 3,600
*1999 - 5,000
*2000 - 4,750
*2001 - 5,885
*2002 - 5,400
*2003 - 5,020
*2004 - 5,500
*2005 - 6,000
*2006 - 6,765
*2007 - 7,100
*2008 - 6,610
*2009 - 6,400

==References==

*Philip L. Frana, "Demographics, Inc., Computerized Direct Mail, and the Rise of the Digital Attention Economy," ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing'' 45.2 (April-June 2023): 15-28.

==External links==

http://www.acxiom.com/

[[Category:Computers]]

St. John Home Missions Seminary

2022-05-31T13:43:30Z

Phil:

Little Rock Downtown Neighborhood Association

2022-05-31T13:36:27Z

Phil:

The '''Little Rock Downtown Neighborhood Association''' promotes downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, as "a place to live and work, to assure the continuance of creation of those amenities and necessities that make urban life exciting and enjoyable."

==References==

==External links==

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lr-dna/ Yahoo Groups - Little Rock Downtown Neighborhood Association]

Big Red Twin Drive-In

2022-05-31T13:30:01Z

Phil:

The '''Big Red Twin Drive-In''' was a drive-in movie theater operated by Robb-Rowley United in the city of Little Rock, Arkansas. The drive-in was located near the intersection of Cantrell and Rebsamen roads, and had a capacity of four hundred cars. The drive-in was originally called the Riverside Drive-In, and opened with one screen on June 12, 1953. The drive-in gained a second screen on June 17, 1962, and was renamed Razorback Twin Drive-in. The drive-in was acquired by United Artists in 1975 and renamed Big Red Twin Drive-In. The drive-in closed in 1980 and was demolished.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/42217 Cinema Treasures: Big Red Twin Drive-In]

[[Category:Theaters]]

The Belly

2022-05-26T03:44:34Z

Phil:

[[Image:Belly-whale.jpg|thumb|The Belly is a seven foot tall mechanical and electrical space hanging beneath the main floor of the Clinton Library. The Belly gets its name from architect James Polshek who refers to this area of the Library "the belly of the whale." Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''The Belly''' is a seven foot tall mechanical and electrical space hanging beneath the main floor of the [[Clinton Library]]. The Belly gets its name from architect [[James Polshek]] who refers to this area of the Library "the belly of the whale."

==References==

==External links==

*[http://ascedev.inforonics.com/ceonline/ceonline05/0305feat.html Daniel A. Sesil and Onur Güleç, "Commanding Presence," ''Civil Engineering Magazine'' 75.3 (March 2005): 42-49.]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/seabrighthoffman/63437770 Flickr photostream of the Clinton Library Belly]

[[Category: Clinton Library]]

80 Proof

2022-05-26T03:42:23Z

Phil:

'''80 Proof''' is a former registered student organization at the [[University of Central Arkansas]] in [[Conway]], Arkansas. The organization educated students about the negative consequences of alcohol abuse. 80 Proof focused on teaching students different ways to drink responsibly, monitor alcohol consumption, and taught each student involved how to understand their body and its alcohol limits. 80 Proof utilized funds provided by [[UCA Student Government Association]] to put on events throughout the school year that promote alcohol awareness. Some of these events included, but were not limited to:

*Women's Self Defense Course
*"Ask Me About" campaign
*Spring Break education program
*Private Group Alcohol Awareness Lectures (upon request)

==References==

==External links==

[[Category:Alcohol]]

Jacimore Building

2018-08-08T13:22:42Z

Phil:

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[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. The [[Jacimore Sheet Metal and Radiator Shop]] opened under the name of an Italian immigrant family in 1924. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- also housed the [[J.T. Lloyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]], a company founded in 1989 by [[Margaret Raney Jacimore]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the three buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.jacimorerealty.com/the-history/ History of the Jacimore Building]
*[http://www.datafilestorage.com/ Homepage of Data File Storage]
*[http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/findingaids/id/5378 Finding aid for J. T. Lloyd Company records at the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies]

[[Category:River Market]]

Holiday Inn

2018-07-26T13:14:22Z

Phil:

[[Image:Holiday-presidential.jpg|thumb|300px|The Holiday Inn Presidential Conference Center in Little Rock. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Holiday Inn''' is a national hotel chain with seven locations in central Arkansas.

The [[Holiday Inn Presidential Conference Center]] is an 150-room, 11-suite hotel located on I-30 in downtown Little Rock. The building is eight stories tall. The 34-year old hotel was renovated between March 2001 and April 2003 for $11 million. The hotel lobby features an exhibit of Clinton-era memorabilia. The hotel was constructed as a Sheraton Hotel in 1974. It was a Best Western before its purchase by [[Larry Carpenter]] in 2001. [[President Clinton]] established it as the [[Clinton Library]]'s conference center of choice in February 2003. The hotel has more than 3,000 square feet of meeting space. Meeting rooms are named after recent presidents. In addition to a Clinton Room, there is a Bush Room, and a Reagan Room. The fourth meeting room is called the Liberty Room. When the walls between the rooms are pulled back, the combined space forms the First Ladies' Ballroom. The restaurant inside the Holiday Inn is called [[Camp David]]. The hotel also has a swimming pool, fitness center, and business center.

The [[Holiday Inn North]] was the sixth top grossing hotel in North Little Rock, Arkansas, in 2008 with taxable revenue of $3.3 million.

====Locations in Central Arkansas====

*[[Bryant]]
**2915 Main Street
*[[Conway]]
**2370 Sanders Street
*[[Little Rock]]
**3121 Bankhead Drive
**600 Interstate 30
**4900 Talley Road
*[[North Little Rock]]
**120 West Pershing Boulevard
**4306 East McCain Boulevard

==References==

*"Clinton Library Gains a Totally Redone HQ Hotel," ''Meeting News'' 27.6 (April 21, 2003): 20.
*Laura Stevens, "Tourism Tax Take Increases for NLR," March 14, 2009.

==External links==

*[http://www.holidayinnlittlerock.com Website of the Holiday Inn Presidential Conference Center]

[[Category:Lodging]]

Holiday Inn

2018-07-26T13:12:52Z

Phil:

[[Image:Holiday-presidential.jpg|thumb|300px|The Holiday Inn Presidential Conference Center in Little Rock. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Holiday Inn''' is a national hotel chain with seven locations in central Arkansas.

The [[Holiday Inn Presidential Conference Center]] is an 150-room, 11-suite hotel located on I-30 in downtown Little Rock. The building is eight stories tall. The 34-year old hotel was renovated between March 2001 and April 2003 for $11 million. The hotel lobby features an exhibit of Clinton-era memorabilia. The hotel was constructed as a Sheraton Hotel in 1974. It was a Best Western before its purchase by [[Larry Carpenter]] in 2001. [[President Clinton]] established it as the [[Clinton Library]]'s conference center of choice in February 2003. The hotel has more than 3,000 square feet of meeting space. Meeting rooms are named after recent presidents. In addition to a Clinton Room, there is a Bush Room, and a Reagan Room. The fourth meeting room is called the Liberty Room. When the walls between the rooms are pulled back, the combined space forms the First Ladies' Ballroom. The restaurant inside the Holiday Inn is called [[Camp David]]. The hotel also has a swimming pool, fitness center, and business center.

The [[Holiday Inn North]] was the sixth top grossing hotel in North Little Rock, Arkansas, in 2008 with taxable revenue of $3.3 million.

====Locations in Central Arkansas====

*[[Bryant]]
**2915 Main Street
*[[Conway]]
**2370 Sanders Street
*[[Little Rock]]
**3121 Bankhead Drive
**600 Interstate 30
**4900 Talley Road
*[[North Little Rock]]
**120 West Pershing Boulevard
**4306 East McCain Boulevard

==References==

*"Clinton Library Gains a Totally Redone HQ Hotel," ''Meeting News'' 27.6 (April 21, 2003): 20.
*Laura Stevens, "Tourism Tax Take Increases for NLR," March 14, 2009.

==External links==

*[www.holidayinnlittlerock.com Website of the Holiday Inn Presidential Conference Center]

[[Category:Lodging]]

Main Page

2018-01-03T16:09:52Z

Phil:

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<h2 style="font-size:140%;border:none;margin:0px;padding:.1em;color:#000;">Welcome to</h2>
<div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 180%">Little Rock Renaissance</div>
<div id="articlecount" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles created by contributors</div>
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*[[River Market]]
*[[Clinton Presidential Center]]
*[[Historic Arkansas Museum]]
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*[[City of Little Rock]]
*[[Dickey-Stephens Park]]
*[[City of North Little Rock]]
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*[[Heifer International]]
*[[Arkansas Studies Institute]]
*[[River Trail]]
*[[Arkansas State Capitol]]
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*[[Arkansas Symphony Orchestra]]
*[[Little Rock Marathon]]
*[[‎Junction Bridge]]
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*[[Arkansas Arts Center]]
*[[Arkansas Museum of Discovery]]
*[[Little Rock Convention and Visitors Bureau]]
*[[Little Rock Zoo]]

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[[Special:Categories|Categories]] '''·''' [[Special:Newpages|New Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Popularpages|Popular Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Allpages|A–Z index]] '''·''' [[Bibliography]] '''·''' [[Timeline]]
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[[Image:Clinton-library-41.jpg|thumb|400px|Exterior of Clinton Library. Photo by James Hyde.]]

'''THIS COURSE PROJECT WIKI HAS NOT BEEN RECENTLY UPDATED. QUESTIONS OR EDIT REQUESTS SHOULD BE SENT TO franapl@jmu.edu.'''

----

If Little Rock can be [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Appendix+D:+City+as+Text%5BTM%5D+strategies:+mapping,+observing,...-a0207227989 read as a text], then it might be said that this city clings to hope, and endures anguish.

In the earliest days of settlement the people of Central Arkansas suffered abundantly. Ashen victims of the violent New Madrid earthquake, the first clutch of Little Rockians resettled here under a [[New Madrid certificates|relief bill]] passed in the 1810s. Soon these hardy souls found themselves toe-to-toe with traveling bands of swindlers, mercenaries, and traders, many of them "swallowed up in dram-drinking, jockeying, and gambling." Native Americans, displaced from their homes in the southeastern parts of the nation and ravaged by cholera, [[Trail of Tears|passed through here]] on their way to Oklahoma in the 1830s—leaving behind a "trail of tears and death."

'''A Bare Living Gained by Great Labor'''

During the [[Civil War]], Little Rock, population 3,727 (2,874 white, 853 black), was the site of backbreaking military and civilian labor. Paper for making gun cartridges was so scarce that the State Library was ransacked for spare material. Federal occupiers demanded water and feed for their animals, commandeered cattle for meat, and burned what could not be pulled down or removed. Neighbors retreated to the woods for survival as the city was stripped bare. Mercifully, the war ended early in these parts. The Confederate "Last Stand" of the Little Rock Campaign took place on September 11, 1863.

Energetic citizens working alternately in oppressive heat and bitter cold carved civic institutions and backyard gardens out of a snaky riverside wilderness, turning it into a self-declared "City of Roses." But fate was not done with them yet, not nearly so. In 1894 a vicious [[Little Rock Tornado - October 2, 1894|tornado]] demolished government buildings and most of downtown. And then in 1927 a [[Great Flood of 1927|Great Flood]] wiped away roads, bridges, and carefully laid railroad tracks. These were only two of the many dizzying displays of Arkansas' natural infelicity. No wonder these people, eking out an existence in a world of uncertainty, generally remained a prudent and conservative lot.
[[Image:Lr-nine.JPG|thumb|400px|The Little Rock Nine monument "Testament," on the grounds of the Arkansas State Capitol. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Crises and Civil Rights'''

Sometimes the wounds were self-inflicted. Racial violence was one. In the year of the flood a white mob lynched black man named [[John Carter]] who believed he had assaulted two white women. Carter's body was dragged behind a car and burned on top of a pile of church pews torn from a local African-American church. Enraged and afraid, many black families packed up and left for [[Pankey]], a rural neighborhood so far outside the city that only recently have the suburbs caught up with it.

In the 1950s unprecedented [[Slum Clearance Referendum of 1950|slum clearance]] forced poor blacks and whites out of their homes and shuttered their businesses, sometimes permanently. Engineers split the Jim Crow-segregated [[Ninth Street]] black commercial core with the [[Wilbur D. Mills Freeway]], and planners leveled historic Main Street businesses. Progress had come to the city in the form of the automobile, and dwellers fled and flocked to country cottages and shopping centers. Like so many cities Little Rock's residents exited to the suburbs and exurbs in search of economic prosperity, good schools, and decent living.

A generation of promise was squandered in the 1957 [[Little Rock Crisis|Little Rock Desegregation Crisis]], an enduring international symbol of the American Civil Rights movement. Local pillars of the community quaked with fear during the struggle while Governor Faubus convinced many that "[b]lood will run in the streets" if [[Central High School|white schools]] opened to black students. Few wanted to engage in the business of the day in such an inflamed environment, and a legacy of social and economic blackballing endured, burnished by occasional media reports of gang violence, drug abuse, and corruption.

''' Downtown Revitalization'''

The 1970s brought new leaders and new ideas into the city, and a spirit of rehabilitation, nourished in no small measure by Bicentennial reflections, buoyed the dreams of many. Not even the wrenching [[MacArthur Park]] and [[Governor's Mansion Historic District]] cyclone could wipe away the evocative power felt by the preservers of our cherished, but all-too-often displaced, ideals.

And so in the 1990s we could find a [[Museum of Discovery]] edging out a store that sold caskets in the decrepit [[River Market]] warehouse district, and a [[Ottenheimer Hall|festival hall]] and fresh food market rekindling urban investment. In total, about $1 billion of direct investment touched off a rebirth in our central core between 1997 and 2004, when the gleaming white [[Clinton Presidential Center]] came to anchor the new development. That renaissance continues to inspire hope, a hope that spreads out in waves from the six bridges spanning the [[Arkansas River]] to [[Argenta]] and [[Stifft's Station]], into the hinterlands of [[Pulaski County]], and all the way out to the fast growing regional metropolitan centers of [[Conway]], [[Benton]], and [[Jacksonville]].

Reading between the lines of the Little Rock street grid, we find a pattern of development not so different from that found in other Southern cities. There is the same struggle over civilization and its discontents: the lengths to which the metropolis should or should not imitate an intentional community drawn together by like-minded folk, and how purpose and ideology are expressed in its commercial plans, educational and citizenship facilities, and eco-sustainability. The discordant voices of business leaders, government officials, and residents on these problems are heard here - as they are everywhere.
[[Image:River-market-ark-studies.JPG|thumb|400px|The Arkansas Studies Institute and Ottenheimer Hall in the River Market District. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''A New Beginning'''

The fall of the old Main Street and the rise of the [[River Market District]], however, can be attributed to a particular clutch of aesthetic and utilitarian concerns expressed by people in the city. What things must we have to create our own vision of the American Dream? What things can we – or ''should we'' – live without? In twentieth-century Little Rock these concerns clustered around a number of key problems and proposed strategies: blight and its alleviation; crime and its reduction; the spatial reconciliation of automobile, traffic, and parking; entertainment and its convenience; Southern urban living and preservation of a distinctive rural character; clutter and its reduction; the free market and its unfettering; lifestyle and its choosing; and – not least – race and an unprejudiced view towards others.

In January 2006 students in the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the University of Central Arkansas began the Little Rock Renaissance project to build ''public knowledge'' by making new ''knowledge public.'' This experimental wiki democratizes our heritage by preserving and reflecting on the memories of the people who built the city and its environs, as well as important places, events, and signposts along the way. Read more about the development of this wiki in the [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6947/is_2_10/ai_n45180315/ Fall-Winter 2009 issue] of ''Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council''.

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The '''[[Big Dam Bridge]]''' (also known as the "Pulaski County Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge," the "Murray Lock and Dam Bicycle Pedestrian Bridge," or simply "Buddy's Bridge") is the longest longest purpose-built pedestrian/bicycle bridge in the world. The bridge spans 3,463 feet of the [[Arkansas River]], and with approaches on each side measures 4,300 feet total in length. The bridge deck is fourteen feet wide, accommodating traffic in both directions. The Big Dam Bridge is mounted atop the Murray Lock and Dam by 38 separate columns. In some places the bridge is thirty feet above the dam and sixty-five feet above the level of the river.

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The '''[[Choctaw Freight Depot]]''' was a companion structure to the [[Choctaw Railway Station]] on the grounds of the [[William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park]]. The [[Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad]] operated the freight depot. The depot was constructed by freed African American slaves under the direction of Charles W. Clark, owner of the Clark Pressed Brick Company in Malvern, and opened to deliveries on April 9, 1900.

In 1911 the depot was abandoned by the railroad in favor of a larger facility at the corner of East Fourth & Rector. The depot was leased in 1913 to Reaves Transfer Company, to Fisher Cement & Roofing Company in 1939, and again to May Supply Company in 1944. The freight depot spent its last forty years entombed within a number of surrounding May Supply warehouses. [[Eugene Pfeifer III]] was the last owner of the site before being condemned by the [[City of Little Rock]].

The depot was razed by the [[Clinton Foundation]] on November 21, 2001, despite a three-month effort to save the historic structure led by the Friends of the Choctaw Terminal. Little Rock preservationist Gregory Ferguson and Friends of the Choctaw Terminal complained that the Clinton Foundation and City of Little Rock had failed to fully comply with the spirit of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, which specifies a full site review where historic structures are adversely affected by projects funded with federal dollars.
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The '''[[Arkansas Game and Fish Commission]]''' has opened its fourth nature center, a $8.5 million facility located in the city's River Market District. The [[Witt Stephens Jr. Central Arkansas Nature Center]] is located on 3.4 acres on the bank of the Arkansas River and down the street from the Clinton Presidential Library. The 16,232-square-foot facility was named for Stephens, a former commissioner who pushed for the state's conservation sales tax in 1996. [http://www.djournal.com/pages/story.asp?ID=284161&pub=1&div=Sports Read more]

A $2.6 million grant from the U.S. Economic Development Administration will complete fundraising efforts for the conversion of the [[Rock Island Railway Bridge]] near the [[Clinton Presidential Library]] into a pedestrian and bicycle bridge, U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced today. [http://arkansasnews.com/2010/04/07/2-million-grant-completes-fundraising-for-rock-island-bridge-project/ Read more]
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The '''[[Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project]]''' (CLR URP) began in '''1961''' as a joint effort of the [[Urban Progress Association]], the [[Little Rock Housing Authority]] (LRHA), [[Downtown Little Rock Unlimited]] the [[City of Little Rock]], and local architects. The project's roots lay in the [[Main Street 1969 plan]] created by the [[Arkansas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects]] in the spring of 1957. The Central Litle Rock Project became a national model for urban revitalization in the 1960s (then called "slum clearance"). [[Raymond Rebsamen]], the president of the organization, claimed the group's goal in the Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project was to have "the first capital city in the national where no child will come out of a slum to go to school." But it also sought to obliterate bad publicity stemming from the [[Little Rock Crisis]] of 1957, which exposed the city as a powerful "symbol of brutality and prejudice for all the world to scorn."
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[[Image:LittleRock_panorama.jpg|thumb|1280 px|Little Rock panorama, looking west from Clinton Presidential Center and Park. Photo by Nima Kasraie.]]

==Little Rock Renaissance Project Collaborators==

* '''Team Leader, Oral History Methods:''' [[Philip Frana]] '''[pfrana@uca.edu]'''
* '''Administration, Grantmaking, Professional Best Practices:''' Amanda Allen, Garrett Wright
* '''Video Production:''' Eric Deitz, Kim Risi
* '''Administrative Assistant:''' Blake Bowman
* '''Production Assistant:''' Allison Yocum
* '''Photography:''' James Hyde, Casey Gambill, Megan Davari, Amanda Allen, Allison Hogue, Nathan Smith, Katy Simers, Wade Fuqua, Nathan Scarborough, Spencer Smith, Austin Keaster, Elizabeth Youngblood, Caroline Borden, Elizabeth Housley, Sean Oakley, Chip Shaw, Ben Wold, Wilson Alobuia, Clint White, Zack Stallings
* '''Interviews:''' Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Courtney Bennett, Lindsey Cason, Ben Dobbs, John Greene, James Hyde, Adam Lucas, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Ryan Morrow, Fabia Bertram, Blake Bowman, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Casey Gambill, Stefani Johnson, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Jeremy Morgan, Kim Risi, Zachary Stallings, Dustin Ward, Clint White, Ben Wold, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum
* '''Wiki Administration:''' Thomas Bertram
* '''Knowledge Engineer:''' Megan Davari
* '''Wiki authors:''' David Adams, Saroj Adhikari, Marybeth Allinson, Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Bekah Baugh, Natalie Bergstrom, Fabia Bertram, Thomas Bertram, Caroline Borden, Blake Bowman, Lindsey Cason, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Tyler Floyd, Sarah Fodge, Rebecca Harvey, Matthew Hill, Casey Gambill, Divy Goel, Michael Hinds, Katelyn Johnson, Stefani Johnson, Austin Keaster, Genevieve Kimbrough, Brandon King, Lauren Knetzer, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Katie Matthew, LeeAnne Maxey, Carlos Merino, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Jeremy Morgan, Maegan Murphy, Patricia O'Neal, Desiree Paulhamus, Brannen Payne, Tim Peterson, Caitlin Porter, Micah Ray, F. John Rickert, Kim Risi, Hayley Sebourn, Mark Senia, Zachary Stallings, Kendra Stuart, Stephanie Sun, Robbie Toombs, David Wilkins, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum, Dustin Ward, Clint White, C. Rutledge Wilson, Ben Wold, Geoffrey Wright, John Zagurski

==Other links of interest==

*[http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/ Clinton Presidential Center site]
*[http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/index.html Clinton Presidential Library & Museum site]
*[http://arkansasglobecoming.com/ Arkansas Globecoming]
*[http://www.littlerock.org/ City of Little Rock site]
*[http://www.rivermarket.info/ Little Rock River Market site]
*[http://www.downtownlr.com/ Downtown Little Rock Partnership site]
*[http://www.downtownlittlerock.com/index.cfm Downtown Little Rock stories from the ''Arkansas Times'']
*[http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture]
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<div style="font-size: small; text-align: center;margin-top:10px;">FranaWiki and Little Rock Renaissance are products of the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the [http://www.uca.edu University of Central Arkansas]. All rights reserved.</div>

Main Page

2018-01-03T16:09:33Z

Phil:

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<h2 style="font-size:140%;border:none;margin:0px;padding:.1em;color:#000;">Welcome to</h2>
<div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 180%">Little Rock Renaissance</div>
<div id="articlecount" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles created by contributors</div>
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*[[River Market]]
*[[Clinton Presidential Center]]
*[[Historic Arkansas Museum]]
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*[[City of Little Rock]]
*[[Dickey-Stephens Park]]
*[[City of North Little Rock]]
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*[[Heifer International]]
*[[Arkansas Studies Institute]]
*[[River Trail]]
*[[Arkansas State Capitol]]
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*[[Arkansas Symphony Orchestra]]
*[[Little Rock Marathon]]
*[[‎Junction Bridge]]
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*[[Arkansas Arts Center]]
*[[Arkansas Museum of Discovery]]
*[[Little Rock Convention and Visitors Bureau]]
*[[Little Rock Zoo]]

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[[Special:Categories|Categories]] '''·''' [[Special:Newpages|New Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Popularpages|Popular Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Allpages|A–Z index]] '''·''' [[Bibliography]] '''·''' [[Timeline]]
</td>
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[[Image:Clinton-library-41.jpg|thumb|400px|Exterior of Clinton Library. Photo by James Hyde.]]

'''THIS COURSE PROJECT WIKI HAS NOT BEEN RECENTLY UPDATED.
QUESTIONS OR EDIT REQUESTS SHOULD BE SENT TO franapl@jmu.edu.'''

----

If Little Rock can be [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Appendix+D:+City+as+Text%5BTM%5D+strategies:+mapping,+observing,...-a0207227989 read as a text], then it might be said that this city clings to hope, and endures anguish.

In the earliest days of settlement the people of Central Arkansas suffered abundantly. Ashen victims of the violent New Madrid earthquake, the first clutch of Little Rockians resettled here under a [[New Madrid certificates|relief bill]] passed in the 1810s. Soon these hardy souls found themselves toe-to-toe with traveling bands of swindlers, mercenaries, and traders, many of them "swallowed up in dram-drinking, jockeying, and gambling." Native Americans, displaced from their homes in the southeastern parts of the nation and ravaged by cholera, [[Trail of Tears|passed through here]] on their way to Oklahoma in the 1830s—leaving behind a "trail of tears and death."

'''A Bare Living Gained by Great Labor'''

During the [[Civil War]], Little Rock, population 3,727 (2,874 white, 853 black), was the site of backbreaking military and civilian labor. Paper for making gun cartridges was so scarce that the State Library was ransacked for spare material. Federal occupiers demanded water and feed for their animals, commandeered cattle for meat, and burned what could not be pulled down or removed. Neighbors retreated to the woods for survival as the city was stripped bare. Mercifully, the war ended early in these parts. The Confederate "Last Stand" of the Little Rock Campaign took place on September 11, 1863.

Energetic citizens working alternately in oppressive heat and bitter cold carved civic institutions and backyard gardens out of a snaky riverside wilderness, turning it into a self-declared "City of Roses." But fate was not done with them yet, not nearly so. In 1894 a vicious [[Little Rock Tornado - October 2, 1894|tornado]] demolished government buildings and most of downtown. And then in 1927 a [[Great Flood of 1927|Great Flood]] wiped away roads, bridges, and carefully laid railroad tracks. These were only two of the many dizzying displays of Arkansas' natural infelicity. No wonder these people, eking out an existence in a world of uncertainty, generally remained a prudent and conservative lot.
[[Image:Lr-nine.JPG|thumb|400px|The Little Rock Nine monument "Testament," on the grounds of the Arkansas State Capitol. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Crises and Civil Rights'''

Sometimes the wounds were self-inflicted. Racial violence was one. In the year of the flood a white mob lynched black man named [[John Carter]] who believed he had assaulted two white women. Carter's body was dragged behind a car and burned on top of a pile of church pews torn from a local African-American church. Enraged and afraid, many black families packed up and left for [[Pankey]], a rural neighborhood so far outside the city that only recently have the suburbs caught up with it.

In the 1950s unprecedented [[Slum Clearance Referendum of 1950|slum clearance]] forced poor blacks and whites out of their homes and shuttered their businesses, sometimes permanently. Engineers split the Jim Crow-segregated [[Ninth Street]] black commercial core with the [[Wilbur D. Mills Freeway]], and planners leveled historic Main Street businesses. Progress had come to the city in the form of the automobile, and dwellers fled and flocked to country cottages and shopping centers. Like so many cities Little Rock's residents exited to the suburbs and exurbs in search of economic prosperity, good schools, and decent living.

A generation of promise was squandered in the 1957 [[Little Rock Crisis|Little Rock Desegregation Crisis]], an enduring international symbol of the American Civil Rights movement. Local pillars of the community quaked with fear during the struggle while Governor Faubus convinced many that "[b]lood will run in the streets" if [[Central High School|white schools]] opened to black students. Few wanted to engage in the business of the day in such an inflamed environment, and a legacy of social and economic blackballing endured, burnished by occasional media reports of gang violence, drug abuse, and corruption.

''' Downtown Revitalization'''

The 1970s brought new leaders and new ideas into the city, and a spirit of rehabilitation, nourished in no small measure by Bicentennial reflections, buoyed the dreams of many. Not even the wrenching [[MacArthur Park]] and [[Governor's Mansion Historic District]] cyclone could wipe away the evocative power felt by the preservers of our cherished, but all-too-often displaced, ideals.

And so in the 1990s we could find a [[Museum of Discovery]] edging out a store that sold caskets in the decrepit [[River Market]] warehouse district, and a [[Ottenheimer Hall|festival hall]] and fresh food market rekindling urban investment. In total, about $1 billion of direct investment touched off a rebirth in our central core between 1997 and 2004, when the gleaming white [[Clinton Presidential Center]] came to anchor the new development. That renaissance continues to inspire hope, a hope that spreads out in waves from the six bridges spanning the [[Arkansas River]] to [[Argenta]] and [[Stifft's Station]], into the hinterlands of [[Pulaski County]], and all the way out to the fast growing regional metropolitan centers of [[Conway]], [[Benton]], and [[Jacksonville]].

Reading between the lines of the Little Rock street grid, we find a pattern of development not so different from that found in other Southern cities. There is the same struggle over civilization and its discontents: the lengths to which the metropolis should or should not imitate an intentional community drawn together by like-minded folk, and how purpose and ideology are expressed in its commercial plans, educational and citizenship facilities, and eco-sustainability. The discordant voices of business leaders, government officials, and residents on these problems are heard here - as they are everywhere.
[[Image:River-market-ark-studies.JPG|thumb|400px|The Arkansas Studies Institute and Ottenheimer Hall in the River Market District. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''A New Beginning'''

The fall of the old Main Street and the rise of the [[River Market District]], however, can be attributed to a particular clutch of aesthetic and utilitarian concerns expressed by people in the city. What things must we have to create our own vision of the American Dream? What things can we – or ''should we'' – live without? In twentieth-century Little Rock these concerns clustered around a number of key problems and proposed strategies: blight and its alleviation; crime and its reduction; the spatial reconciliation of automobile, traffic, and parking; entertainment and its convenience; Southern urban living and preservation of a distinctive rural character; clutter and its reduction; the free market and its unfettering; lifestyle and its choosing; and – not least – race and an unprejudiced view towards others.

In January 2006 students in the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the University of Central Arkansas began the Little Rock Renaissance project to build ''public knowledge'' by making new ''knowledge public.'' This experimental wiki democratizes our heritage by preserving and reflecting on the memories of the people who built the city and its environs, as well as important places, events, and signposts along the way. Read more about the development of this wiki in the [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6947/is_2_10/ai_n45180315/ Fall-Winter 2009 issue] of ''Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council''.

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The '''[[Big Dam Bridge]]''' (also known as the "Pulaski County Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge," the "Murray Lock and Dam Bicycle Pedestrian Bridge," or simply "Buddy's Bridge") is the longest longest purpose-built pedestrian/bicycle bridge in the world. The bridge spans 3,463 feet of the [[Arkansas River]], and with approaches on each side measures 4,300 feet total in length. The bridge deck is fourteen feet wide, accommodating traffic in both directions. The Big Dam Bridge is mounted atop the Murray Lock and Dam by 38 separate columns. In some places the bridge is thirty feet above the dam and sixty-five feet above the level of the river.

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The '''[[Choctaw Freight Depot]]''' was a companion structure to the [[Choctaw Railway Station]] on the grounds of the [[William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park]]. The [[Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad]] operated the freight depot. The depot was constructed by freed African American slaves under the direction of Charles W. Clark, owner of the Clark Pressed Brick Company in Malvern, and opened to deliveries on April 9, 1900.

In 1911 the depot was abandoned by the railroad in favor of a larger facility at the corner of East Fourth & Rector. The depot was leased in 1913 to Reaves Transfer Company, to Fisher Cement & Roofing Company in 1939, and again to May Supply Company in 1944. The freight depot spent its last forty years entombed within a number of surrounding May Supply warehouses. [[Eugene Pfeifer III]] was the last owner of the site before being condemned by the [[City of Little Rock]].

The depot was razed by the [[Clinton Foundation]] on November 21, 2001, despite a three-month effort to save the historic structure led by the Friends of the Choctaw Terminal. Little Rock preservationist Gregory Ferguson and Friends of the Choctaw Terminal complained that the Clinton Foundation and City of Little Rock had failed to fully comply with the spirit of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, which specifies a full site review where historic structures are adversely affected by projects funded with federal dollars.
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The '''[[Arkansas Game and Fish Commission]]''' has opened its fourth nature center, a $8.5 million facility located in the city's River Market District. The [[Witt Stephens Jr. Central Arkansas Nature Center]] is located on 3.4 acres on the bank of the Arkansas River and down the street from the Clinton Presidential Library. The 16,232-square-foot facility was named for Stephens, a former commissioner who pushed for the state's conservation sales tax in 1996. [http://www.djournal.com/pages/story.asp?ID=284161&pub=1&div=Sports Read more]

A $2.6 million grant from the U.S. Economic Development Administration will complete fundraising efforts for the conversion of the [[Rock Island Railway Bridge]] near the [[Clinton Presidential Library]] into a pedestrian and bicycle bridge, U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced today. [http://arkansasnews.com/2010/04/07/2-million-grant-completes-fundraising-for-rock-island-bridge-project/ Read more]
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The '''[[Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project]]''' (CLR URP) began in '''1961''' as a joint effort of the [[Urban Progress Association]], the [[Little Rock Housing Authority]] (LRHA), [[Downtown Little Rock Unlimited]] the [[City of Little Rock]], and local architects. The project's roots lay in the [[Main Street 1969 plan]] created by the [[Arkansas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects]] in the spring of 1957. The Central Litle Rock Project became a national model for urban revitalization in the 1960s (then called "slum clearance"). [[Raymond Rebsamen]], the president of the organization, claimed the group's goal in the Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project was to have "the first capital city in the national where no child will come out of a slum to go to school." But it also sought to obliterate bad publicity stemming from the [[Little Rock Crisis]] of 1957, which exposed the city as a powerful "symbol of brutality and prejudice for all the world to scorn."
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[[Image:LittleRock_panorama.jpg|thumb|1280 px|Little Rock panorama, looking west from Clinton Presidential Center and Park. Photo by Nima Kasraie.]]

==Little Rock Renaissance Project Collaborators==

* '''Team Leader, Oral History Methods:''' [[Philip Frana]] '''[pfrana@uca.edu]'''
* '''Administration, Grantmaking, Professional Best Practices:''' Amanda Allen, Garrett Wright
* '''Video Production:''' Eric Deitz, Kim Risi
* '''Administrative Assistant:''' Blake Bowman
* '''Production Assistant:''' Allison Yocum
* '''Photography:''' James Hyde, Casey Gambill, Megan Davari, Amanda Allen, Allison Hogue, Nathan Smith, Katy Simers, Wade Fuqua, Nathan Scarborough, Spencer Smith, Austin Keaster, Elizabeth Youngblood, Caroline Borden, Elizabeth Housley, Sean Oakley, Chip Shaw, Ben Wold, Wilson Alobuia, Clint White, Zack Stallings
* '''Interviews:''' Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Courtney Bennett, Lindsey Cason, Ben Dobbs, John Greene, James Hyde, Adam Lucas, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Ryan Morrow, Fabia Bertram, Blake Bowman, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Casey Gambill, Stefani Johnson, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Jeremy Morgan, Kim Risi, Zachary Stallings, Dustin Ward, Clint White, Ben Wold, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum
* '''Wiki Administration:''' Thomas Bertram
* '''Knowledge Engineer:''' Megan Davari
* '''Wiki authors:''' David Adams, Saroj Adhikari, Marybeth Allinson, Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Bekah Baugh, Natalie Bergstrom, Fabia Bertram, Thomas Bertram, Caroline Borden, Blake Bowman, Lindsey Cason, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Tyler Floyd, Sarah Fodge, Rebecca Harvey, Matthew Hill, Casey Gambill, Divy Goel, Michael Hinds, Katelyn Johnson, Stefani Johnson, Austin Keaster, Genevieve Kimbrough, Brandon King, Lauren Knetzer, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Katie Matthew, LeeAnne Maxey, Carlos Merino, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Jeremy Morgan, Maegan Murphy, Patricia O'Neal, Desiree Paulhamus, Brannen Payne, Tim Peterson, Caitlin Porter, Micah Ray, F. John Rickert, Kim Risi, Hayley Sebourn, Mark Senia, Zachary Stallings, Kendra Stuart, Stephanie Sun, Robbie Toombs, David Wilkins, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum, Dustin Ward, Clint White, C. Rutledge Wilson, Ben Wold, Geoffrey Wright, John Zagurski

==Other links of interest==

*[http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/ Clinton Presidential Center site]
*[http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/index.html Clinton Presidential Library & Museum site]
*[http://arkansasglobecoming.com/ Arkansas Globecoming]
*[http://www.littlerock.org/ City of Little Rock site]
*[http://www.rivermarket.info/ Little Rock River Market site]
*[http://www.downtownlr.com/ Downtown Little Rock Partnership site]
*[http://www.downtownlittlerock.com/index.cfm Downtown Little Rock stories from the ''Arkansas Times'']
*[http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture]
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<div style="font-size: small; text-align: center;margin-top:10px;">FranaWiki and Little Rock Renaissance are products of the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the [http://www.uca.edu University of Central Arkansas]. All rights reserved.</div>

Main Page

2018-01-03T16:09:15Z

Phil:

Main Page

2018-01-03T16:08:30Z

Phil:

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<h2 style="font-size:140%;border:none;margin:0px;padding:.1em;color:#000;">Welcome to</h2>
<div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 180%">Little Rock Renaissance</div>
<div id="articlecount" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles created by contributors</div>
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*[[River Market]]
*[[Clinton Presidential Center]]
*[[Historic Arkansas Museum]]
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*[[City of Little Rock]]
*[[Dickey-Stephens Park]]
*[[City of North Little Rock]]
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*[[Heifer International]]
*[[Arkansas Studies Institute]]
*[[River Trail]]
*[[Arkansas State Capitol]]
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*[[Arkansas Symphony Orchestra]]
*[[Little Rock Marathon]]
*[[‎Junction Bridge]]
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*[[Arkansas Arts Center]]
*[[Arkansas Museum of Discovery]]
*[[Little Rock Convention and Visitors Bureau]]
*[[Little Rock Zoo]]

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[[Special:Categories|Categories]] '''·''' [[Special:Newpages|New Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Popularpages|Popular Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Allpages|A–Z index]] '''·''' [[Bibliography]] '''·''' [[Timeline]]
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[[Image:Clinton-library-41.jpg|thumb|400px|Exterior of Clinton Library. Photo by James Hyde.]]

'''THIS COURSE PROJECT WIKI HAS NOT BEEN RECENTLY UPDATED. QUESTIONS OR REQUESTS FOR CHANGES SHOULD BE SENT TO franapl@jmu.edu.'''

----

If Little Rock can be [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Appendix+D:+City+as+Text%5BTM%5D+strategies:+mapping,+observing,...-a0207227989 read as a text], then it might be said that this city clings to hope, and endures anguish.

In the earliest days of settlement the people of Central Arkansas suffered abundantly. Ashen victims of the violent New Madrid earthquake, the first clutch of Little Rockians resettled here under a [[New Madrid certificates|relief bill]] passed in the 1810s. Soon these hardy souls found themselves toe-to-toe with traveling bands of swindlers, mercenaries, and traders, many of them "swallowed up in dram-drinking, jockeying, and gambling." Native Americans, displaced from their homes in the southeastern parts of the nation and ravaged by cholera, [[Trail of Tears|passed through here]] on their way to Oklahoma in the 1830s—leaving behind a "trail of tears and death."

'''A Bare Living Gained by Great Labor'''

During the [[Civil War]], Little Rock, population 3,727 (2,874 white, 853 black), was the site of backbreaking military and civilian labor. Paper for making gun cartridges was so scarce that the State Library was ransacked for spare material. Federal occupiers demanded water and feed for their animals, commandeered cattle for meat, and burned what could not be pulled down or removed. Neighbors retreated to the woods for survival as the city was stripped bare. Mercifully, the war ended early in these parts. The Confederate "Last Stand" of the Little Rock Campaign took place on September 11, 1863.

Energetic citizens working alternately in oppressive heat and bitter cold carved civic institutions and backyard gardens out of a snaky riverside wilderness, turning it into a self-declared "City of Roses." But fate was not done with them yet, not nearly so. In 1894 a vicious [[Little Rock Tornado - October 2, 1894|tornado]] demolished government buildings and most of downtown. And then in 1927 a [[Great Flood of 1927|Great Flood]] wiped away roads, bridges, and carefully laid railroad tracks. These were only two of the many dizzying displays of Arkansas' natural infelicity. No wonder these people, eking out an existence in a world of uncertainty, generally remained a prudent and conservative lot.
[[Image:Lr-nine.JPG|thumb|400px|The Little Rock Nine monument "Testament," on the grounds of the Arkansas State Capitol. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Crises and Civil Rights'''

Sometimes the wounds were self-inflicted. Racial violence was one. In the year of the flood a white mob lynched black man named [[John Carter]] who believed he had assaulted two white women. Carter's body was dragged behind a car and burned on top of a pile of church pews torn from a local African-American church. Enraged and afraid, many black families packed up and left for [[Pankey]], a rural neighborhood so far outside the city that only recently have the suburbs caught up with it.

In the 1950s unprecedented [[Slum Clearance Referendum of 1950|slum clearance]] forced poor blacks and whites out of their homes and shuttered their businesses, sometimes permanently. Engineers split the Jim Crow-segregated [[Ninth Street]] black commercial core with the [[Wilbur D. Mills Freeway]], and planners leveled historic Main Street businesses. Progress had come to the city in the form of the automobile, and dwellers fled and flocked to country cottages and shopping centers. Like so many cities Little Rock's residents exited to the suburbs and exurbs in search of economic prosperity, good schools, and decent living.

A generation of promise was squandered in the 1957 [[Little Rock Crisis|Little Rock Desegregation Crisis]], an enduring international symbol of the American Civil Rights movement. Local pillars of the community quaked with fear during the struggle while Governor Faubus convinced many that "[b]lood will run in the streets" if [[Central High School|white schools]] opened to black students. Few wanted to engage in the business of the day in such an inflamed environment, and a legacy of social and economic blackballing endured, burnished by occasional media reports of gang violence, drug abuse, and corruption.

''' Downtown Revitalization'''

The 1970s brought new leaders and new ideas into the city, and a spirit of rehabilitation, nourished in no small measure by Bicentennial reflections, buoyed the dreams of many. Not even the wrenching [[MacArthur Park]] and [[Governor's Mansion Historic District]] cyclone could wipe away the evocative power felt by the preservers of our cherished, but all-too-often displaced, ideals.

And so in the 1990s we could find a [[Museum of Discovery]] edging out a store that sold caskets in the decrepit [[River Market]] warehouse district, and a [[Ottenheimer Hall|festival hall]] and fresh food market rekindling urban investment. In total, about $1 billion of direct investment touched off a rebirth in our central core between 1997 and 2004, when the gleaming white [[Clinton Presidential Center]] came to anchor the new development. That renaissance continues to inspire hope, a hope that spreads out in waves from the six bridges spanning the [[Arkansas River]] to [[Argenta]] and [[Stifft's Station]], into the hinterlands of [[Pulaski County]], and all the way out to the fast growing regional metropolitan centers of [[Conway]], [[Benton]], and [[Jacksonville]].

Reading between the lines of the Little Rock street grid, we find a pattern of development not so different from that found in other Southern cities. There is the same struggle over civilization and its discontents: the lengths to which the metropolis should or should not imitate an intentional community drawn together by like-minded folk, and how purpose and ideology are expressed in its commercial plans, educational and citizenship facilities, and eco-sustainability. The discordant voices of business leaders, government officials, and residents on these problems are heard here - as they are everywhere.
[[Image:River-market-ark-studies.JPG|thumb|400px|The Arkansas Studies Institute and Ottenheimer Hall in the River Market District. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''A New Beginning'''

The fall of the old Main Street and the rise of the [[River Market District]], however, can be attributed to a particular clutch of aesthetic and utilitarian concerns expressed by people in the city. What things must we have to create our own vision of the American Dream? What things can we – or ''should we'' – live without? In twentieth-century Little Rock these concerns clustered around a number of key problems and proposed strategies: blight and its alleviation; crime and its reduction; the spatial reconciliation of automobile, traffic, and parking; entertainment and its convenience; Southern urban living and preservation of a distinctive rural character; clutter and its reduction; the free market and its unfettering; lifestyle and its choosing; and – not least – race and an unprejudiced view towards others.

In January 2006 students in the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the University of Central Arkansas began the Little Rock Renaissance project to build ''public knowledge'' by making new ''knowledge public.'' This experimental wiki democratizes our heritage by preserving and reflecting on the memories of the people who built the city and its environs, as well as important places, events, and signposts along the way. Read more about the development of this wiki in the [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6947/is_2_10/ai_n45180315/ Fall-Winter 2009 issue] of ''Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council''.

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The '''[[Big Dam Bridge]]''' (also known as the "Pulaski County Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge," the "Murray Lock and Dam Bicycle Pedestrian Bridge," or simply "Buddy's Bridge") is the longest longest purpose-built pedestrian/bicycle bridge in the world. The bridge spans 3,463 feet of the [[Arkansas River]], and with approaches on each side measures 4,300 feet total in length. The bridge deck is fourteen feet wide, accommodating traffic in both directions. The Big Dam Bridge is mounted atop the Murray Lock and Dam by 38 separate columns. In some places the bridge is thirty feet above the dam and sixty-five feet above the level of the river.

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The '''[[Choctaw Freight Depot]]''' was a companion structure to the [[Choctaw Railway Station]] on the grounds of the [[William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park]]. The [[Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad]] operated the freight depot. The depot was constructed by freed African American slaves under the direction of Charles W. Clark, owner of the Clark Pressed Brick Company in Malvern, and opened to deliveries on April 9, 1900.

In 1911 the depot was abandoned by the railroad in favor of a larger facility at the corner of East Fourth & Rector. The depot was leased in 1913 to Reaves Transfer Company, to Fisher Cement & Roofing Company in 1939, and again to May Supply Company in 1944. The freight depot spent its last forty years entombed within a number of surrounding May Supply warehouses. [[Eugene Pfeifer III]] was the last owner of the site before being condemned by the [[City of Little Rock]].

The depot was razed by the [[Clinton Foundation]] on November 21, 2001, despite a three-month effort to save the historic structure led by the Friends of the Choctaw Terminal. Little Rock preservationist Gregory Ferguson and Friends of the Choctaw Terminal complained that the Clinton Foundation and City of Little Rock had failed to fully comply with the spirit of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, which specifies a full site review where historic structures are adversely affected by projects funded with federal dollars.
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The '''[[Arkansas Game and Fish Commission]]''' has opened its fourth nature center, a $8.5 million facility located in the city's River Market District. The [[Witt Stephens Jr. Central Arkansas Nature Center]] is located on 3.4 acres on the bank of the Arkansas River and down the street from the Clinton Presidential Library. The 16,232-square-foot facility was named for Stephens, a former commissioner who pushed for the state's conservation sales tax in 1996. [http://www.djournal.com/pages/story.asp?ID=284161&pub=1&div=Sports Read more]

A $2.6 million grant from the U.S. Economic Development Administration will complete fundraising efforts for the conversion of the [[Rock Island Railway Bridge]] near the [[Clinton Presidential Library]] into a pedestrian and bicycle bridge, U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced today. [http://arkansasnews.com/2010/04/07/2-million-grant-completes-fundraising-for-rock-island-bridge-project/ Read more]
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The '''[[Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project]]''' (CLR URP) began in '''1961''' as a joint effort of the [[Urban Progress Association]], the [[Little Rock Housing Authority]] (LRHA), [[Downtown Little Rock Unlimited]] the [[City of Little Rock]], and local architects. The project's roots lay in the [[Main Street 1969 plan]] created by the [[Arkansas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects]] in the spring of 1957. The Central Litle Rock Project became a national model for urban revitalization in the 1960s (then called "slum clearance"). [[Raymond Rebsamen]], the president of the organization, claimed the group's goal in the Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project was to have "the first capital city in the national where no child will come out of a slum to go to school." But it also sought to obliterate bad publicity stemming from the [[Little Rock Crisis]] of 1957, which exposed the city as a powerful "symbol of brutality and prejudice for all the world to scorn."
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[[Image:LittleRock_panorama.jpg|thumb|1280 px|Little Rock panorama, looking west from Clinton Presidential Center and Park. Photo by Nima Kasraie.]]

==Little Rock Renaissance Project Collaborators==

* '''Team Leader, Oral History Methods:''' [[Philip Frana]] '''[pfrana@uca.edu]'''
* '''Administration, Grantmaking, Professional Best Practices:''' Amanda Allen, Garrett Wright
* '''Video Production:''' Eric Deitz, Kim Risi
* '''Administrative Assistant:''' Blake Bowman
* '''Production Assistant:''' Allison Yocum
* '''Photography:''' James Hyde, Casey Gambill, Megan Davari, Amanda Allen, Allison Hogue, Nathan Smith, Katy Simers, Wade Fuqua, Nathan Scarborough, Spencer Smith, Austin Keaster, Elizabeth Youngblood, Caroline Borden, Elizabeth Housley, Sean Oakley, Chip Shaw, Ben Wold, Wilson Alobuia, Clint White, Zack Stallings
* '''Interviews:''' Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Courtney Bennett, Lindsey Cason, Ben Dobbs, John Greene, James Hyde, Adam Lucas, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Ryan Morrow, Fabia Bertram, Blake Bowman, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Casey Gambill, Stefani Johnson, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Jeremy Morgan, Kim Risi, Zachary Stallings, Dustin Ward, Clint White, Ben Wold, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum
* '''Wiki Administration:''' Thomas Bertram
* '''Knowledge Engineer:''' Megan Davari
* '''Wiki authors:''' David Adams, Saroj Adhikari, Marybeth Allinson, Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Bekah Baugh, Natalie Bergstrom, Fabia Bertram, Thomas Bertram, Caroline Borden, Blake Bowman, Lindsey Cason, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Tyler Floyd, Sarah Fodge, Rebecca Harvey, Matthew Hill, Casey Gambill, Divy Goel, Michael Hinds, Katelyn Johnson, Stefani Johnson, Austin Keaster, Genevieve Kimbrough, Brandon King, Lauren Knetzer, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Katie Matthew, LeeAnne Maxey, Carlos Merino, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Jeremy Morgan, Maegan Murphy, Patricia O'Neal, Desiree Paulhamus, Brannen Payne, Tim Peterson, Caitlin Porter, Micah Ray, F. John Rickert, Kim Risi, Hayley Sebourn, Mark Senia, Zachary Stallings, Kendra Stuart, Stephanie Sun, Robbie Toombs, David Wilkins, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum, Dustin Ward, Clint White, C. Rutledge Wilson, Ben Wold, Geoffrey Wright, John Zagurski

==Other links of interest==

*[http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/ Clinton Presidential Center site]
*[http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/index.html Clinton Presidential Library & Museum site]
*[http://arkansasglobecoming.com/ Arkansas Globecoming]
*[http://www.littlerock.org/ City of Little Rock site]
*[http://www.rivermarket.info/ Little Rock River Market site]
*[http://www.downtownlr.com/ Downtown Little Rock Partnership site]
*[http://www.downtownlittlerock.com/index.cfm Downtown Little Rock stories from the ''Arkansas Times'']
*[http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture]
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<div style="font-size: small; text-align: center;margin-top:10px;">FranaWiki and Little Rock Renaissance are products of the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the [http://www.uca.edu University of Central Arkansas]. All rights reserved.</div>

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Phil:

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<h2 style="font-size:140%;border:none;margin:0px;padding:.1em;color:#000;">Welcome to</h2>
<div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 180%">Little Rock Renaissance</div>
<div id="articlecount" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles created by contributors</div>
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*[[River Market]]
*[[Clinton Presidential Center]]
*[[Historic Arkansas Museum]]
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*[[City of Little Rock]]
*[[Dickey-Stephens Park]]
*[[City of North Little Rock]]
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*[[Heifer International]]
*[[Arkansas Studies Institute]]
*[[River Trail]]
*[[Arkansas State Capitol]]
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*[[Arkansas Symphony Orchestra]]
*[[Little Rock Marathon]]
*[[‎Junction Bridge]]
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*[[Arkansas Arts Center]]
*[[Arkansas Museum of Discovery]]
*[[Little Rock Convention and Visitors Bureau]]
*[[Little Rock Zoo]]

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[[Special:Categories|Categories]] '''·''' [[Special:Newpages|New Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Popularpages|Popular Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Allpages|A–Z index]] '''·''' [[Bibliography]] '''·''' [[Timeline]]
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[[Image:Clinton-library-41.jpg|thumb|400px|Exterior of Clinton Library. Photo by James Hyde.]]

== '''THIS COURSE PROJECT WIKI HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED IN SEVERAL YEARS. QUESTIONS OR REQUESTS FOR CHANGES SHOULD BE SENT TO franapl@jmu.edu.''' ==

If Little Rock can be [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Appendix+D:+City+as+Text%5BTM%5D+strategies:+mapping,+observing,...-a0207227989 read as a text], then it might be said that this city clings to hope, and endures anguish.

In the earliest days of settlement the people of Central Arkansas suffered abundantly. Ashen victims of the violent New Madrid earthquake, the first clutch of Little Rockians resettled here under a [[New Madrid certificates|relief bill]] passed in the 1810s. Soon these hardy souls found themselves toe-to-toe with traveling bands of swindlers, mercenaries, and traders, many of them "swallowed up in dram-drinking, jockeying, and gambling." Native Americans, displaced from their homes in the southeastern parts of the nation and ravaged by cholera, [[Trail of Tears|passed through here]] on their way to Oklahoma in the 1830s—leaving behind a "trail of tears and death."

'''A Bare Living Gained by Great Labor'''

During the [[Civil War]], Little Rock, population 3,727 (2,874 white, 853 black), was the site of backbreaking military and civilian labor. Paper for making gun cartridges was so scarce that the State Library was ransacked for spare material. Federal occupiers demanded water and feed for their animals, commandeered cattle for meat, and burned what could not be pulled down or removed. Neighbors retreated to the woods for survival as the city was stripped bare. Mercifully, the war ended early in these parts. The Confederate "Last Stand" of the Little Rock Campaign took place on September 11, 1863.

Energetic citizens working alternately in oppressive heat and bitter cold carved civic institutions and backyard gardens out of a snaky riverside wilderness, turning it into a self-declared "City of Roses." But fate was not done with them yet, not nearly so. In 1894 a vicious [[Little Rock Tornado - October 2, 1894|tornado]] demolished government buildings and most of downtown. And then in 1927 a [[Great Flood of 1927|Great Flood]] wiped away roads, bridges, and carefully laid railroad tracks. These were only two of the many dizzying displays of Arkansas' natural infelicity. No wonder these people, eking out an existence in a world of uncertainty, generally remained a prudent and conservative lot.
[[Image:Lr-nine.JPG|thumb|400px|The Little Rock Nine monument "Testament," on the grounds of the Arkansas State Capitol. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Crises and Civil Rights'''

Sometimes the wounds were self-inflicted. Racial violence was one. In the year of the flood a white mob lynched black man named [[John Carter]] who believed he had assaulted two white women. Carter's body was dragged behind a car and burned on top of a pile of church pews torn from a local African-American church. Enraged and afraid, many black families packed up and left for [[Pankey]], a rural neighborhood so far outside the city that only recently have the suburbs caught up with it.

In the 1950s unprecedented [[Slum Clearance Referendum of 1950|slum clearance]] forced poor blacks and whites out of their homes and shuttered their businesses, sometimes permanently. Engineers split the Jim Crow-segregated [[Ninth Street]] black commercial core with the [[Wilbur D. Mills Freeway]], and planners leveled historic Main Street businesses. Progress had come to the city in the form of the automobile, and dwellers fled and flocked to country cottages and shopping centers. Like so many cities Little Rock's residents exited to the suburbs and exurbs in search of economic prosperity, good schools, and decent living.

A generation of promise was squandered in the 1957 [[Little Rock Crisis|Little Rock Desegregation Crisis]], an enduring international symbol of the American Civil Rights movement. Local pillars of the community quaked with fear during the struggle while Governor Faubus convinced many that "[b]lood will run in the streets" if [[Central High School|white schools]] opened to black students. Few wanted to engage in the business of the day in such an inflamed environment, and a legacy of social and economic blackballing endured, burnished by occasional media reports of gang violence, drug abuse, and corruption.

''' Downtown Revitalization'''

The 1970s brought new leaders and new ideas into the city, and a spirit of rehabilitation, nourished in no small measure by Bicentennial reflections, buoyed the dreams of many. Not even the wrenching [[MacArthur Park]] and [[Governor's Mansion Historic District]] cyclone could wipe away the evocative power felt by the preservers of our cherished, but all-too-often displaced, ideals.

And so in the 1990s we could find a [[Museum of Discovery]] edging out a store that sold caskets in the decrepit [[River Market]] warehouse district, and a [[Ottenheimer Hall|festival hall]] and fresh food market rekindling urban investment. In total, about $1 billion of direct investment touched off a rebirth in our central core between 1997 and 2004, when the gleaming white [[Clinton Presidential Center]] came to anchor the new development. That renaissance continues to inspire hope, a hope that spreads out in waves from the six bridges spanning the [[Arkansas River]] to [[Argenta]] and [[Stifft's Station]], into the hinterlands of [[Pulaski County]], and all the way out to the fast growing regional metropolitan centers of [[Conway]], [[Benton]], and [[Jacksonville]].

Reading between the lines of the Little Rock street grid, we find a pattern of development not so different from that found in other Southern cities. There is the same struggle over civilization and its discontents: the lengths to which the metropolis should or should not imitate an intentional community drawn together by like-minded folk, and how purpose and ideology are expressed in its commercial plans, educational and citizenship facilities, and eco-sustainability. The discordant voices of business leaders, government officials, and residents on these problems are heard here - as they are everywhere.
[[Image:River-market-ark-studies.JPG|thumb|400px|The Arkansas Studies Institute and Ottenheimer Hall in the River Market District. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''A New Beginning'''

The fall of the old Main Street and the rise of the [[River Market District]], however, can be attributed to a particular clutch of aesthetic and utilitarian concerns expressed by people in the city. What things must we have to create our own vision of the American Dream? What things can we – or ''should we'' – live without? In twentieth-century Little Rock these concerns clustered around a number of key problems and proposed strategies: blight and its alleviation; crime and its reduction; the spatial reconciliation of automobile, traffic, and parking; entertainment and its convenience; Southern urban living and preservation of a distinctive rural character; clutter and its reduction; the free market and its unfettering; lifestyle and its choosing; and – not least – race and an unprejudiced view towards others.

In January 2006 students in the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the University of Central Arkansas began the Little Rock Renaissance project to build ''public knowledge'' by making new ''knowledge public.'' This experimental wiki democratizes our heritage by preserving and reflecting on the memories of the people who built the city and its environs, as well as important places, events, and signposts along the way. Read more about the development of this wiki in the [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6947/is_2_10/ai_n45180315/ Fall-Winter 2009 issue] of ''Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council''.

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The '''[[Big Dam Bridge]]''' (also known as the "Pulaski County Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge," the "Murray Lock and Dam Bicycle Pedestrian Bridge," or simply "Buddy's Bridge") is the longest longest purpose-built pedestrian/bicycle bridge in the world. The bridge spans 3,463 feet of the [[Arkansas River]], and with approaches on each side measures 4,300 feet total in length. The bridge deck is fourteen feet wide, accommodating traffic in both directions. The Big Dam Bridge is mounted atop the Murray Lock and Dam by 38 separate columns. In some places the bridge is thirty feet above the dam and sixty-five feet above the level of the river.

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The '''[[Choctaw Freight Depot]]''' was a companion structure to the [[Choctaw Railway Station]] on the grounds of the [[William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park]]. The [[Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad]] operated the freight depot. The depot was constructed by freed African American slaves under the direction of Charles W. Clark, owner of the Clark Pressed Brick Company in Malvern, and opened to deliveries on April 9, 1900.

In 1911 the depot was abandoned by the railroad in favor of a larger facility at the corner of East Fourth & Rector. The depot was leased in 1913 to Reaves Transfer Company, to Fisher Cement & Roofing Company in 1939, and again to May Supply Company in 1944. The freight depot spent its last forty years entombed within a number of surrounding May Supply warehouses. [[Eugene Pfeifer III]] was the last owner of the site before being condemned by the [[City of Little Rock]].

The depot was razed by the [[Clinton Foundation]] on November 21, 2001, despite a three-month effort to save the historic structure led by the Friends of the Choctaw Terminal. Little Rock preservationist Gregory Ferguson and Friends of the Choctaw Terminal complained that the Clinton Foundation and City of Little Rock had failed to fully comply with the spirit of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, which specifies a full site review where historic structures are adversely affected by projects funded with federal dollars.
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The '''[[Arkansas Game and Fish Commission]]''' has opened its fourth nature center, a $8.5 million facility located in the city's River Market District. The [[Witt Stephens Jr. Central Arkansas Nature Center]] is located on 3.4 acres on the bank of the Arkansas River and down the street from the Clinton Presidential Library. The 16,232-square-foot facility was named for Stephens, a former commissioner who pushed for the state's conservation sales tax in 1996. [http://www.djournal.com/pages/story.asp?ID=284161&pub=1&div=Sports Read more]

A $2.6 million grant from the U.S. Economic Development Administration will complete fundraising efforts for the conversion of the [[Rock Island Railway Bridge]] near the [[Clinton Presidential Library]] into a pedestrian and bicycle bridge, U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced today. [http://arkansasnews.com/2010/04/07/2-million-grant-completes-fundraising-for-rock-island-bridge-project/ Read more]
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The '''[[Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project]]''' (CLR URP) began in '''1961''' as a joint effort of the [[Urban Progress Association]], the [[Little Rock Housing Authority]] (LRHA), [[Downtown Little Rock Unlimited]] the [[City of Little Rock]], and local architects. The project's roots lay in the [[Main Street 1969 plan]] created by the [[Arkansas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects]] in the spring of 1957. The Central Litle Rock Project became a national model for urban revitalization in the 1960s (then called "slum clearance"). [[Raymond Rebsamen]], the president of the organization, claimed the group's goal in the Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project was to have "the first capital city in the national where no child will come out of a slum to go to school." But it also sought to obliterate bad publicity stemming from the [[Little Rock Crisis]] of 1957, which exposed the city as a powerful "symbol of brutality and prejudice for all the world to scorn."
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[[Image:LittleRock_panorama.jpg|thumb|1280 px|Little Rock panorama, looking west from Clinton Presidential Center and Park. Photo by Nima Kasraie.]]

==Little Rock Renaissance Project Collaborators==

* '''Team Leader, Oral History Methods:''' [[Philip Frana]] '''[pfrana@uca.edu]'''
* '''Administration, Grantmaking, Professional Best Practices:''' Amanda Allen, Garrett Wright
* '''Video Production:''' Eric Deitz, Kim Risi
* '''Administrative Assistant:''' Blake Bowman
* '''Production Assistant:''' Allison Yocum
* '''Photography:''' James Hyde, Casey Gambill, Megan Davari, Amanda Allen, Allison Hogue, Nathan Smith, Katy Simers, Wade Fuqua, Nathan Scarborough, Spencer Smith, Austin Keaster, Elizabeth Youngblood, Caroline Borden, Elizabeth Housley, Sean Oakley, Chip Shaw, Ben Wold, Wilson Alobuia, Clint White, Zack Stallings
* '''Interviews:''' Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Courtney Bennett, Lindsey Cason, Ben Dobbs, John Greene, James Hyde, Adam Lucas, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Ryan Morrow, Fabia Bertram, Blake Bowman, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Casey Gambill, Stefani Johnson, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Jeremy Morgan, Kim Risi, Zachary Stallings, Dustin Ward, Clint White, Ben Wold, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum
* '''Wiki Administration:''' Thomas Bertram
* '''Knowledge Engineer:''' Megan Davari
* '''Wiki authors:''' David Adams, Saroj Adhikari, Marybeth Allinson, Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Bekah Baugh, Natalie Bergstrom, Fabia Bertram, Thomas Bertram, Caroline Borden, Blake Bowman, Lindsey Cason, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Tyler Floyd, Sarah Fodge, Rebecca Harvey, Matthew Hill, Casey Gambill, Divy Goel, Michael Hinds, Katelyn Johnson, Stefani Johnson, Austin Keaster, Genevieve Kimbrough, Brandon King, Lauren Knetzer, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Katie Matthew, LeeAnne Maxey, Carlos Merino, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Jeremy Morgan, Maegan Murphy, Patricia O'Neal, Desiree Paulhamus, Brannen Payne, Tim Peterson, Caitlin Porter, Micah Ray, F. John Rickert, Kim Risi, Hayley Sebourn, Mark Senia, Zachary Stallings, Kendra Stuart, Stephanie Sun, Robbie Toombs, David Wilkins, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum, Dustin Ward, Clint White, C. Rutledge Wilson, Ben Wold, Geoffrey Wright, John Zagurski

==Other links of interest==

*[http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/ Clinton Presidential Center site]
*[http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/index.html Clinton Presidential Library & Museum site]
*[http://arkansasglobecoming.com/ Arkansas Globecoming]
*[http://www.littlerock.org/ City of Little Rock site]
*[http://www.rivermarket.info/ Little Rock River Market site]
*[http://www.downtownlr.com/ Downtown Little Rock Partnership site]
*[http://www.downtownlittlerock.com/index.cfm Downtown Little Rock stories from the ''Arkansas Times'']
*[http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture]
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<div style="font-size: small; text-align: center;margin-top:10px;">FranaWiki and Little Rock Renaissance are products of the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the [http://www.uca.edu University of Central Arkansas]. All rights reserved.</div>

Main Page

2018-01-03T16:06:59Z

Phil:

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<h2 style="font-size:140%;border:none;margin:0px;padding:.1em;color:#000;">Welcome to</h2>
<div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 180%">Little Rock Renaissance</div>
<div id="articlecount" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles created by contributors</div>
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*[[River Market]]
*[[Clinton Presidential Center]]
*[[Historic Arkansas Museum]]
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*[[City of Little Rock]]
*[[Dickey-Stephens Park]]
*[[City of North Little Rock]]
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*[[Heifer International]]
*[[Arkansas Studies Institute]]
*[[River Trail]]
*[[Arkansas State Capitol]]
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*[[Arkansas Symphony Orchestra]]
*[[Little Rock Marathon]]
*[[‎Junction Bridge]]
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*[[Arkansas Arts Center]]
*[[Arkansas Museum of Discovery]]
*[[Little Rock Convention and Visitors Bureau]]
*[[Little Rock Zoo]]

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[[Special:Categories|Categories]] '''·''' [[Special:Newpages|New Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Popularpages|Popular Pages]] '''·''' [[Special:Allpages|A–Z index]] '''·''' [[Bibliography]] '''·''' [[Timeline]]
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[[Image:Clinton-library-41.jpg|thumb|400px|Exterior of Clinton Library. Photo by James Hyde.]]
'''THIS COURSE PROJECT WIKI HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED IN SEVERAL YEARS. QUESTIONS OR REQUESTS FOR CHANGES SHOULD BE SENT TO franapl@jmu.edu.'''

If Little Rock can be [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Appendix+D:+City+as+Text%5BTM%5D+strategies:+mapping,+observing,...-a0207227989 read as a text], then it might be said that this city clings to hope, and endures anguish.

In the earliest days of settlement the people of Central Arkansas suffered abundantly. Ashen victims of the violent New Madrid earthquake, the first clutch of Little Rockians resettled here under a [[New Madrid certificates|relief bill]] passed in the 1810s. Soon these hardy souls found themselves toe-to-toe with traveling bands of swindlers, mercenaries, and traders, many of them "swallowed up in dram-drinking, jockeying, and gambling." Native Americans, displaced from their homes in the southeastern parts of the nation and ravaged by cholera, [[Trail of Tears|passed through here]] on their way to Oklahoma in the 1830s—leaving behind a "trail of tears and death."

'''A Bare Living Gained by Great Labor'''

During the [[Civil War]], Little Rock, population 3,727 (2,874 white, 853 black), was the site of backbreaking military and civilian labor. Paper for making gun cartridges was so scarce that the State Library was ransacked for spare material. Federal occupiers demanded water and feed for their animals, commandeered cattle for meat, and burned what could not be pulled down or removed. Neighbors retreated to the woods for survival as the city was stripped bare. Mercifully, the war ended early in these parts. The Confederate "Last Stand" of the Little Rock Campaign took place on September 11, 1863.

Energetic citizens working alternately in oppressive heat and bitter cold carved civic institutions and backyard gardens out of a snaky riverside wilderness, turning it into a self-declared "City of Roses." But fate was not done with them yet, not nearly so. In 1894 a vicious [[Little Rock Tornado - October 2, 1894|tornado]] demolished government buildings and most of downtown. And then in 1927 a [[Great Flood of 1927|Great Flood]] wiped away roads, bridges, and carefully laid railroad tracks. These were only two of the many dizzying displays of Arkansas' natural infelicity. No wonder these people, eking out an existence in a world of uncertainty, generally remained a prudent and conservative lot.
[[Image:Lr-nine.JPG|thumb|400px|The Little Rock Nine monument "Testament," on the grounds of the Arkansas State Capitol. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Crises and Civil Rights'''

Sometimes the wounds were self-inflicted. Racial violence was one. In the year of the flood a white mob lynched black man named [[John Carter]] who believed he had assaulted two white women. Carter's body was dragged behind a car and burned on top of a pile of church pews torn from a local African-American church. Enraged and afraid, many black families packed up and left for [[Pankey]], a rural neighborhood so far outside the city that only recently have the suburbs caught up with it.

In the 1950s unprecedented [[Slum Clearance Referendum of 1950|slum clearance]] forced poor blacks and whites out of their homes and shuttered their businesses, sometimes permanently. Engineers split the Jim Crow-segregated [[Ninth Street]] black commercial core with the [[Wilbur D. Mills Freeway]], and planners leveled historic Main Street businesses. Progress had come to the city in the form of the automobile, and dwellers fled and flocked to country cottages and shopping centers. Like so many cities Little Rock's residents exited to the suburbs and exurbs in search of economic prosperity, good schools, and decent living.

A generation of promise was squandered in the 1957 [[Little Rock Crisis|Little Rock Desegregation Crisis]], an enduring international symbol of the American Civil Rights movement. Local pillars of the community quaked with fear during the struggle while Governor Faubus convinced many that "[b]lood will run in the streets" if [[Central High School|white schools]] opened to black students. Few wanted to engage in the business of the day in such an inflamed environment, and a legacy of social and economic blackballing endured, burnished by occasional media reports of gang violence, drug abuse, and corruption.

''' Downtown Revitalization'''

The 1970s brought new leaders and new ideas into the city, and a spirit of rehabilitation, nourished in no small measure by Bicentennial reflections, buoyed the dreams of many. Not even the wrenching [[MacArthur Park]] and [[Governor's Mansion Historic District]] cyclone could wipe away the evocative power felt by the preservers of our cherished, but all-too-often displaced, ideals.

And so in the 1990s we could find a [[Museum of Discovery]] edging out a store that sold caskets in the decrepit [[River Market]] warehouse district, and a [[Ottenheimer Hall|festival hall]] and fresh food market rekindling urban investment. In total, about $1 billion of direct investment touched off a rebirth in our central core between 1997 and 2004, when the gleaming white [[Clinton Presidential Center]] came to anchor the new development. That renaissance continues to inspire hope, a hope that spreads out in waves from the six bridges spanning the [[Arkansas River]] to [[Argenta]] and [[Stifft's Station]], into the hinterlands of [[Pulaski County]], and all the way out to the fast growing regional metropolitan centers of [[Conway]], [[Benton]], and [[Jacksonville]].

Reading between the lines of the Little Rock street grid, we find a pattern of development not so different from that found in other Southern cities. There is the same struggle over civilization and its discontents: the lengths to which the metropolis should or should not imitate an intentional community drawn together by like-minded folk, and how purpose and ideology are expressed in its commercial plans, educational and citizenship facilities, and eco-sustainability. The discordant voices of business leaders, government officials, and residents on these problems are heard here - as they are everywhere.
[[Image:River-market-ark-studies.JPG|thumb|400px|The Arkansas Studies Institute and Ottenheimer Hall in the River Market District. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''A New Beginning'''

The fall of the old Main Street and the rise of the [[River Market District]], however, can be attributed to a particular clutch of aesthetic and utilitarian concerns expressed by people in the city. What things must we have to create our own vision of the American Dream? What things can we – or ''should we'' – live without? In twentieth-century Little Rock these concerns clustered around a number of key problems and proposed strategies: blight and its alleviation; crime and its reduction; the spatial reconciliation of automobile, traffic, and parking; entertainment and its convenience; Southern urban living and preservation of a distinctive rural character; clutter and its reduction; the free market and its unfettering; lifestyle and its choosing; and – not least – race and an unprejudiced view towards others.

In January 2006 students in the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the University of Central Arkansas began the Little Rock Renaissance project to build ''public knowledge'' by making new ''knowledge public.'' This experimental wiki democratizes our heritage by preserving and reflecting on the memories of the people who built the city and its environs, as well as important places, events, and signposts along the way. Read more about the development of this wiki in the [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6947/is_2_10/ai_n45180315/ Fall-Winter 2009 issue] of ''Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council''.

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The '''[[Big Dam Bridge]]''' (also known as the "Pulaski County Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge," the "Murray Lock and Dam Bicycle Pedestrian Bridge," or simply "Buddy's Bridge") is the longest longest purpose-built pedestrian/bicycle bridge in the world. The bridge spans 3,463 feet of the [[Arkansas River]], and with approaches on each side measures 4,300 feet total in length. The bridge deck is fourteen feet wide, accommodating traffic in both directions. The Big Dam Bridge is mounted atop the Murray Lock and Dam by 38 separate columns. In some places the bridge is thirty feet above the dam and sixty-five feet above the level of the river.

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The '''[[Choctaw Freight Depot]]''' was a companion structure to the [[Choctaw Railway Station]] on the grounds of the [[William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park]]. The [[Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad]] operated the freight depot. The depot was constructed by freed African American slaves under the direction of Charles W. Clark, owner of the Clark Pressed Brick Company in Malvern, and opened to deliveries on April 9, 1900.

In 1911 the depot was abandoned by the railroad in favor of a larger facility at the corner of East Fourth & Rector. The depot was leased in 1913 to Reaves Transfer Company, to Fisher Cement & Roofing Company in 1939, and again to May Supply Company in 1944. The freight depot spent its last forty years entombed within a number of surrounding May Supply warehouses. [[Eugene Pfeifer III]] was the last owner of the site before being condemned by the [[City of Little Rock]].

The depot was razed by the [[Clinton Foundation]] on November 21, 2001, despite a three-month effort to save the historic structure led by the Friends of the Choctaw Terminal. Little Rock preservationist Gregory Ferguson and Friends of the Choctaw Terminal complained that the Clinton Foundation and City of Little Rock had failed to fully comply with the spirit of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, which specifies a full site review where historic structures are adversely affected by projects funded with federal dollars.
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The '''[[Arkansas Game and Fish Commission]]''' has opened its fourth nature center, a $8.5 million facility located in the city's River Market District. The [[Witt Stephens Jr. Central Arkansas Nature Center]] is located on 3.4 acres on the bank of the Arkansas River and down the street from the Clinton Presidential Library. The 16,232-square-foot facility was named for Stephens, a former commissioner who pushed for the state's conservation sales tax in 1996. [http://www.djournal.com/pages/story.asp?ID=284161&pub=1&div=Sports Read more]

A $2.6 million grant from the U.S. Economic Development Administration will complete fundraising efforts for the conversion of the [[Rock Island Railway Bridge]] near the [[Clinton Presidential Library]] into a pedestrian and bicycle bridge, U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced today. [http://arkansasnews.com/2010/04/07/2-million-grant-completes-fundraising-for-rock-island-bridge-project/ Read more]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<h2 style="margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Fifty years ago</h2>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color:#000">
The '''[[Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project]]''' (CLR URP) began in '''1961''' as a joint effort of the [[Urban Progress Association]], the [[Little Rock Housing Authority]] (LRHA), [[Downtown Little Rock Unlimited]] the [[City of Little Rock]], and local architects. The project's roots lay in the [[Main Street 1969 plan]] created by the [[Arkansas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects]] in the spring of 1957. The Central Litle Rock Project became a national model for urban revitalization in the 1960s (then called "slum clearance"). [[Raymond Rebsamen]], the president of the organization, claimed the group's goal in the Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project was to have "the first capital city in the national where no child will come out of a slum to go to school." But it also sought to obliterate bad publicity stemming from the [[Little Rock Crisis]] of 1957, which exposed the city as a powerful "symbol of brutality and prejudice for all the world to scorn."
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
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</table>

<table align="center" width="100%" style="text-align:center">
[[Image:LittleRock_panorama.jpg|thumb|1280 px|Little Rock panorama, looking west from Clinton Presidential Center and Park. Photo by Nima Kasraie.]]

==Little Rock Renaissance Project Collaborators==

* '''Team Leader, Oral History Methods:''' [[Philip Frana]] '''[pfrana@uca.edu]'''
* '''Administration, Grantmaking, Professional Best Practices:''' Amanda Allen, Garrett Wright
* '''Video Production:''' Eric Deitz, Kim Risi
* '''Administrative Assistant:''' Blake Bowman
* '''Production Assistant:''' Allison Yocum
* '''Photography:''' James Hyde, Casey Gambill, Megan Davari, Amanda Allen, Allison Hogue, Nathan Smith, Katy Simers, Wade Fuqua, Nathan Scarborough, Spencer Smith, Austin Keaster, Elizabeth Youngblood, Caroline Borden, Elizabeth Housley, Sean Oakley, Chip Shaw, Ben Wold, Wilson Alobuia, Clint White, Zack Stallings
* '''Interviews:''' Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Courtney Bennett, Lindsey Cason, Ben Dobbs, John Greene, James Hyde, Adam Lucas, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Ryan Morrow, Fabia Bertram, Blake Bowman, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Casey Gambill, Stefani Johnson, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Jeremy Morgan, Kim Risi, Zachary Stallings, Dustin Ward, Clint White, Ben Wold, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum
* '''Wiki Administration:''' Thomas Bertram
* '''Knowledge Engineer:''' Megan Davari
* '''Wiki authors:''' David Adams, Saroj Adhikari, Marybeth Allinson, Wilson Alobuia, Brett Bailey, Bekah Baugh, Natalie Bergstrom, Fabia Bertram, Thomas Bertram, Caroline Borden, Blake Bowman, Lindsey Cason, Nicholas Coelho, Megan Davari, Tyler Floyd, Sarah Fodge, Rebecca Harvey, Matthew Hill, Casey Gambill, Divy Goel, Michael Hinds, Katelyn Johnson, Stefani Johnson, Austin Keaster, Genevieve Kimbrough, Brandon King, Lauren Knetzer, Doug Knight, John Lenehan, Katie Matthew, LeeAnne Maxey, Carlos Merino, Casey Mikula, Shannon Miller, Ebony Moore, Jeremy Morgan, Maegan Murphy, Patricia O'Neal, Desiree Paulhamus, Brannen Payne, Tim Peterson, Caitlin Porter, Micah Ray, F. John Rickert, Kim Risi, Hayley Sebourn, Mark Senia, Zachary Stallings, Kendra Stuart, Stephanie Sun, Robbie Toombs, David Wilkins, Garrett Wright, Allison Yocum, Dustin Ward, Clint White, C. Rutledge Wilson, Ben Wold, Geoffrey Wright, John Zagurski

==Other links of interest==

*[http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/ Clinton Presidential Center site]
*[http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/index.html Clinton Presidential Library & Museum site]
*[http://arkansasglobecoming.com/ Arkansas Globecoming]
*[http://www.littlerock.org/ City of Little Rock site]
*[http://www.rivermarket.info/ Little Rock River Market site]
*[http://www.downtownlr.com/ Downtown Little Rock Partnership site]
*[http://www.downtownlittlerock.com/index.cfm Downtown Little Rock stories from the ''Arkansas Times'']
*[http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture]
</table>
__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
----
<div style="font-size: small; text-align: center;margin-top:10px;">FranaWiki and Little Rock Renaissance are products of the [http://honors.uca.edu Honors College] at the [http://www.uca.edu University of Central Arkansas]. All rights reserved.</div>

Yoder Manufacturing Company

2016-01-09T00:53:46Z

Phil:

'''Yoder Manufacturing Company''' (also known as '''Yoder Plating Company''') made Hollywood wolf whistles and chrome-plated bicycle goose horns in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas. They also manufactured water ski sleds and aluminum water ski fins. The company was incorporated in 1951 and advertised regularly in ''Boy's Life.''

The address of the firm was 1823 East 17th Street.

==References==

*''Boating'', February 1964, p. 260.

==External links==

*[http://bad-postcards.tumblr.com/post/1354745535/hollywood-wolf-whistle-advertising-postcard-for Example of a Hollywood wolf whistle]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v9VkVC759g YouTube - Yoder Vacuum Wolf Whistle]

[[Category:Manufacturing]]

Yoder Manufacturing Company

2016-01-09T00:49:31Z

Phil:

'''Yoder Manufacturing Company''' (also known as '''Yoder Plating Company''') made Hollywood wolf whistles and chrome-plated bicycle goose horns in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas. The company was incorporated in 1951 and advertised regularly in ''Boy's Life.'' The address of the firm was 1823 East 17th Street.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://bad-postcards.tumblr.com/post/1354745535/hollywood-wolf-whistle-advertising-postcard-for Example of a Hollywood wolf whistle]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v9VkVC759g YouTube - Yoder Vacuum Wolf Whistle]

[[Category:Manufacturing]]

Yoder Manufacturing Company

2016-01-09T00:49:12Z

Phil:

'''Yoder Manufacturing Company''' (also known as '''Yoder Plating Company''') made Hollywood wolf whistles and chrome-plated bicycle goose horns in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas. The company was incorporated in 1951 and advertised regularly in ''Boy's Life.'' The address of the firm was 1823 East 17th Street.

==References==

==External links==

*[Example of a Hollywood wolf whistle http://bad-postcards.tumblr.com/post/1354745535/hollywood-wolf-whistle-advertising-postcard-for]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v9VkVC759g YouTube - Yoder Vacuum Wolf Whistle]

[[Category:Manufacturing]]

Yoder Manufacturing Company

2016-01-09T00:47:51Z

Phil:

'''Yoder Manufacturing Company''' (also known as '''Yoder Plating Company''') made Hollywood wolf whistles and chrome-plated bicycle goose horns in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas. The company was incorporated in 1951 and advertised regularly in ''Boy's Life.'' The address of the firm was 1823 East 17th Street.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.groove-quantize.com/grooveblog/?p=1953 Grooveblog - Hard Up in Little Rock]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v9VkVC759g YouTube - Yoder Vacuum Wolf Whistle]

[[Category:Manufacturing]]

Yoder Manufacturing Company

2016-01-09T00:45:44Z

Phil:

'''Yoder Manufacturing Company''' (also known as '''Yoder Plating Company''') made Hollywood wolf whistles and chrome-plated bicycle goose horns in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas. The company was established in 1960 and advertised regularly in ''Boy's Life.''

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.groove-quantize.com/grooveblog/?p=1953 Grooveblog - Hard Up in Little Rock]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v9VkVC759g YouTube - Yoder Vacuum Wolf Whistle]

[[Category:Manufacturing]]

Corrigan wallride

2016-01-09T00:39:08Z

Phil:

The '''Corrigan Wallride''' is a popular spot for BMX riders located in downtown Little Rock. It consists of an embankment that leads to the external wall of a garage. The spot allows for riders to ride up the wall. The spot is named for professional BMX rider Ryan Corrigan. Corrigan is an Arkansas native and was featured riding the spot in a popular BMX video.

Corrigan wallride

2016-01-09T00:38:48Z

Phil:

The Corrigan wallride is a popular spot for BMX riders located in downtown Little Rock. It consists of an embankment that leads to the external wall of a garage. The spot allows for riders to ride up the wall. The spot is named for professional BMX rider Ryan Corrigan. Corrigan is an Arkansas native and was featured riding the spot in a popular BMX video.

Welch Grape Juice Company

2016-01-09T00:25:56Z

Phil:

'''Welch Grape Juice Company''' built its Southwest regional headquarters in Springdale, Arkansas, in 1923.

In 1869 physician and dentist Thomas Bramwell Welch developed a process for making "unfermented sacramental wine" from Concord grapes. The process depends on knowledge of fermentation and Louis Pasteur's recent discovery of pasteurization. Welch serves this "grape juice" instead of wine as communion steward at his church in Vineland, New Jersey. Dr. Welch's grape juice becomes popular nationwide after it is served at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893. The juice's visibility increased in 1913 when Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan serves the beverage at a diplomatic event, and the next year when the Navy substitutes Welch's grape juice after outlawing alcohol on its ships.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.springdaleark.org/shiloh/photo_collections/85-325-4048.htm Shiloh Museum of Ozark History - Heavy on the Starch. Welch Grape Juice Co., Springdale, June 17, 1964.]
*[http://www.springdaleark.org/shiloh/photo_collections/85-325-4158.htm Grape harvester demonstration at Welch Co. Springdale, September 1970.]
*[http://www.springdaleark.org/shiloh/photo_collections/85-325-4611.htm New Suit. Roland Pense’s retirement party, Welch Grape Juice Co., Springdale, September 1972.]
*[http://www.springdaleark.org/shiloh/photo_collections/85-325-4291.htm Bingo. Welch Grape Juice Co. retiree picnic, Springdale, June 1976.]
*[http://www.springdaleark.org/shiloh/photo_collections/85-325-4315.htm Got Grapes? Weighing grapes at Welch Grape Juice Co., Springdale, August 1977.]

[[Category:Alcohol]]

River Market Development Project

2016-01-09T00:20:04Z

Phil:

[[Image:P1010332 1.JPG|thumb|300px|River Market. Photo by Megan Davari.]]
[[Image:River-market-ark-studies.JPG|thumb|300px|The Arkansas Studies Institute and Ottenheimer Hall in the River Market District. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
The '''River Market Development Project''' was launched with the opening of the [[River Market]] Hall in July 5, 1996. It is part of a $300 million riverfront development effort. The River Market is an indoor market filling 10,000 square feet and an outdoor Farmers' Market with two covered pavilions which stretch the total area to 15,000 square feet. The purpose of the project is to redevelop the historic market area of downtown Little Rock, Arkansas by encouraging sole proprietors and local farmers to establish shops, stalls, and day tables in the downtown district. These shops are the heart and sole of the River Market, seeing hundreds to thousands of customers and tourists daily. Some of these vendors include [[Andina Cafe]], [[Big on Tokyo]], [[Boulevard Bread Company]], [[Casa Manana]], [[Coast Café]], [[Layla's Pizzeria]], [[Middle Eastern Cuisine/International Pantry]], [[River Market Grocery]], [[Scapetto's Italian Deli & Catering]], [[Shaka Smoke Lodge]], and [[VK Brown Meat Market]].

The [[Farmer's Market]] is filled with farmers who deliver fresh produce daily from their own land and sell them from the backs of their trucks straight to the Farmer's Market's daily visitors. The produce that is found in the Farmers' Market includes: peaches, eggplant, strawberries, watermelon, beans, peas, corn, herbs, plants, greens, tomatoes, plums, berries, goat cheese, beets, cucumbers, peppers, potatoes, squash, asparagus, eggs, cabbage, broccoli, zucchini, cherries, lettuce, onions, spinach, and radishes. The Farmers' Market officially opens each April and is open year-round as long as there are crops to put out.

==References==

*Julian E. Barnes, "[No title]," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' December 23, 1995.
*Julian E. Barnes, "Jimmy Moses: The Man Has a Vision to Give Life to Downtown Little Rock," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' June 9, 1996.
*John Brummett, "Can LR Do Two Things at Once? Sniping at River Market Begins," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' August 28, 1999.
*Sandra Cox, "LR to Plant Market by Riverside; East Markham Site Expected to Be Flourishing by Memorial Day," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' September 7, 1995.
*Jennifer Liberto, "Areas Targeted for Subsidy May Include River Market," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' August 25, 1999.
*Andrew Moreau, "Big Plans Down by the Riverside; Public/Private Effort Starts with a Single Block Near Amphitheater," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' August 13, 1995.
*Danny Shameer, "Call Goes Out for Fish, Ice Cream, Flowers; Vendor Goal: Fill About Half of 23 Booths by July Opening," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' March 29, 1996.
*Danny Shameer, "River Market Proponents Fishing for Funds," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' September 18, 1995.
*Danny Shameer, "Riverfront Accepts 12 Vendors; Market Has Room for 4 More; District to Boast Bakeries, Barbecue, Flowers, and Fish," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' June 1, 1996.

==External links==

*[http://www.rivermarket.info/History.html Brief History and Photos of the Little Rock River Market reconstruction effort]
*[http://www.rivermarket.info/index.html River Market Farmers' Market]

[[Category:River Market]]

Little Rock River Market District

2016-01-09T00:19:14Z

Phil:

[[Image:river-market-logo.jpg|thumb|300px|River Market logo designed by Stone and Ward.]]
The '''Little Rock River Market District''' is an eight-square block public food, shopping, and entertainment nexus in the heart of downtown Little Rock, Arkansas. It is one of the major cultural hubs of Little Rock, as it is home of the [[William J. Clinton Presidential Center]], the [[Main Library]] of the Central Arkansas Library System, the [[Cox Creative Center]], the [[Museum of Discovery]], the [[Arkansas Studies Institute]], [[Riverfest Amphitheater]], [[Riverfront Park]] and the [[Arkansas River Trail]], and a number of fine art galleries. It is also increasingly becoming a residential neighborhood for young urban professionals and empty nesters.

===River Market Amenities===

[[Ottenheimer Hall]] (the "River Market" building), with its indoor food vendors and outdoor farmer's market pavilion, anchors the neighborhood. Ottenheimer Hall opened in 1996 at a cost of $3.5 million. The hall features restaurants, vendor stalls, shops, free public wi-fi, and other special attractions. Ottenheimer Hall currently houses a number of vendors:
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*[[Andina Café and Coffee Roastery]]
*[[Big on Tokyo]]
*[[Boulevard Bread Company]]
*[[Casa Manana]]
*[[Coast Café/Pie Heaven]]
*[[Cocoa Belle]]
*[[Middle Eastern Cuisine/International Pantry]]
*[[River Market Grocery]]
*[[Shaka Smoke Lodge]]
*[[Shop the Rock]]

The surrounding River Market District is home to a large number of restaurants:

*[[Boscos]]
*[[Café 42]]
*[[Farmer's Daughter Café]]
*[[The Flying Burrito]]
*[[Flying Fish]]
*[[Flying Saucer]]
*[[Gusano's]]
*[[Iriana's Pizza]]
*[[Rumba Mexi-Cuban Kitchen]]
*[[Six Bridges Bar & Grill]]
*[[Sonny Williams' Steak Room]]
*[[Sticky Fingerz]]
*[[Underground Pub]]
*[[Vermillion Water Grille]]
*[[Vino's Brewpub]]

The River Market District also contains a number of nightclubs, including [[Ernie Bigg's]], Rumba's [[Revolution Room]], and [[Willy D's]]. A large number of historic lofts and new condominium highrises have emerged in or near the River Market District:

*[[300 Third Tower]]
*[[Arkansas Capital Commerce Center]]
*[[Block 2 Lofts]]
*[[River Market Tower]]
*[[Rock Street Lofts]]
*[[Tuf-Nut Lofts]]

Movement in the district is facilitated by the [[River Rail]] streetcar system, [[My Little Rickshaw]], and the [[Downtown Navigator Program]].

===Annual River Market Events===

The River Market District supports or is home to a large number of annual festivals and events, including:

*[[Arkansas Flower and Garden Show]]
*[[Arkansas Literary Festival]]
*[[Arkansas Sculpture Invitational]]
*[[Community Easter Sunrise Service]]
*[[Cruisin' in the Rock]]
*[[Jazzlights in the Park]]
*[[Light the Night]]
*[[Movies in the Park]]
*[[Riverfest]]
*[[Sandwiching in History]]
*[[Territorial Fair]]
[[Image:River-market-exterior.jpg|thumb|300px|Exterior view of the River Market. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
[[Image:River-market-interior.jpg|thumb|300px|Interior view of the River Market. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
[[Image:River-market-district.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock River Market. Facing east on Bill Clinton Avenue. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
===History of the River Market===

The River Market District occupies ground that long ago had been the main landing or public wharf along the [[Arkansas River]]. Downtown residents still occasionally called it Old Town or the East Markham Warehouse District.

In 1974-1975 [[Little Rock Unlimited Progress]] director [[Bob Joblin]] commissioned a study of the Little Rock downtown district including Old Town. The study's report, entitled [[New Town In-Town]] concluded that demolition of businesses and displacement of people during the 1960s [[Central Little Rock Urban Renewal Project]] had in many ways had harmed the native "character" of downtown Little Rock. Noted Joblin in the report, "We basically had the idea at first of going in with bulldozers and knocking everything down and building a lot of new apartments with restaurants and shops, tennis courts, and swimming pools." The city had successfully knocked down many buildings, but had been much less effective at filling up the now vacant lots.

The 1975 New Town In-Town report argued that an "Old Town" bounded by Main Street, [[Interstate-30]], the [[Arkansas River]], and Seventeenth Street should be protected from further demolition activity, and the moderate-income resident populations encouraged to remain in the area by provision of regular police foot patrols. Urban residential rehabilitation was recommended over blight removal, as was the reintroduction of life to the downtown district in the evenings and on weekends.

These suggestions were buoyed by changes in the 1981 federal tax laws which permitted investment credits for historic renovation, but the district largely continued to slide into decrepitude. By the 1990s, remembers local developer [[Rett Tucker]], "[T]here was a store that sold caskets, and that was about it."

The first city plan to redevelop the downtown riverfront and East Markham area emerged in the 1982 [[Downtown Little Rock Development Plan]] sponsored by planning director [[Nathaniel Griffin]] and the design firm [[Hodges, Vines, Fox, and Associates]], which imagined pedestrian traffic in an area dominated by entertainment outlets and mixed-use developments.

The city plan also imagined a move of the [[Museum of Science and History]] to the site of the [[Tenenbaum Building]] on Rock Street, in accord with the wishes of the board of trustees of the museum. At the same time Realty Associates of Jonesboro proposed a "central business improvement district" bounded by the Arkansas River, Commerce Street, Sherman Street, and Fourth Street where tax free development bonds would reenergize the Sherman Oaks condominium project, and the refurbishing of the [[Terminal Building]]. Little Rock city director [[Webster Hubbell]] proposed a new multiuse arena on East Markham and [[B. Finley Vinson]] wanted a parking garage built between the Main Street and Scott Street ramps to the [[Main Street Bridge]] at about the same time.

The River Market Hall concept was the brainchild of Little Rock developer [[Jimmy Moses]], who conceived the market hall in the early 1980s following a visit to the [[Pike Place Market]] in Seattle, Washington, and of a local grassroots coalition of citizens, business owners, government officials, and bankers organized into the public-private [[Downtown Little Rock Partnership]]. In 1983 Moses called East Markham "one of the most valuable pieces of real estate in Little Rock" because it was "on the water, kind of like our bay" and could be redeveloped into "a real neighborhood" with "specialty niche" boutiques, retailers, and restaurants. Plans for the revitalized district were incorporated into the $42.1 million [[Project 2000]] plan put before local citizens in October 1991, but it failed by a margin of 57 to 43 percent.

The $3.5 million market complex was eventually approved by taxpayers as part of the sweeping 1995 [[River Project]] to mitigate the economic effects of decrepit warehouse and industrial brownfield areas along both the north and south banks of the Arkansas River, expand the [[Statehouse Convention Center]] along Markham Street, and build [[ALLTEL Arena]] (now called Verizon Arena) in North Little Rock.

The [[River Market Task Force]] that guided completion of the River Market part of the River Project was spearheaded by city director [[Dean Kumpuris]]. In 1995 Kumpuris called the project "a prime example of the way our city can accomplish great things when we work together." The market district part of the River Project collected more than $5 million, including $1.2 million in federal funds, $1.1 from the [[Capitol Improvement Bond Fund]], $200,000 from city street department coffers, $170,000 from the Downtown Little Rock Partnership, $100,000 from [[Riverfest]] promotional events, and $80,000 from the [[Central Arkansas Library System]].

Ottenheimer Market Hall opened at 400 East Markham Street (now [[President Clinton Avenue]]) in July 1996, and is operated by the Downtown Partnership from the second floor of adjoining [[Dickinson Hall]]. Both halls were designed/refurbished by [[Rick Redden]] of [[AMR Architects]].

===Economic Impact===

In total about $1 billion of direct investment accrued to the River Market District between 1997 — when the city was selected over Hope, Fayetteville, and Hot Springs as the site of the [[Clinton Presidential Center]] — and 2004 when the [[Clinton Library dedication]] ceremony took place. Said Little Rock City Manager [[Bruce Moore]] in 2004, "The presidential library has had a tremendous impact on our central core. It has totally revitalized downtown." Between 1998 and 2003 property values in the River Market area doubled on the expectation of $10.7 million in additional annual revenue.

Continued economic development in the River Market District is spearheaded by [[Metrocentre Improvement District]] commissioners.

==References==

*Margaret Arnold, "Revival of LR Riverfront Fosters Optimism About New Prospects," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' May 22, 1983.
*Kyle Brazzel, "James A. Moses: Success Finally Came Downtown for Jimmy," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' October 21, 2001.
*Kyle Brazzel, "Taking Stock of the Market," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' June 30, 2006.
*"Clinton Library Jump-Starts Downtown Little Rock," ''American Libraries,'' 34.2 (February 2003): 23.
*Larry Copeland, "City Takes Cue from Comeback Kid: Clinton Library Breathes Life into Struggling Little Rock," ''USA Today,'' October 8, 2004.
*Leroy Donald, "Excitement of Developers Builds Downtown, Along River Front," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' June 5, 1983.
*Hodges, Vines, Fox & Associates, ''Downtown Little Rock Development Plan, Vol. 2: Land Use Plan'' (Little Rock, AR: Hodges, Vines, Fox & Associates, January 1982).
*Hodges, Vines, Fox & Associates, ''Downtown Little Rock Development Plan, Vol. 3: Implementation Strategy'' (Little Rock, AR: Hodges Dean Lowe McGetrick & Moses, August 1982).
*Little Rock Unlimited Progress, ''Little Rock New Town In-Town: A Downtown Residential Feasibility Study'' (Technical Assistant Project, Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1975).
*Michele Norris and Greg Allen, "Building Boom Around Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas," ''NPR News: All Things Considered,'' June 14, 2001.
*Noel E. Oman, "Officials Plan to Revisit Oregon: Follow-up to '95 Portland Trip Will Focus on Growth in Transit," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' July 25, 2005.
*Mark Oswald, "River Development Ideas Include High-Rise, Museum," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' June 1, 1983.
*"Presidential Center Revitalizes Little Rock," ''American City & County'' 113.10 (September 1998): 106.
*Bob Stover, "Keep 'Character' of Downtown LR, Study Proposes," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' July 3, 1975.
*Bill Worthen, "Pedestrians Downtown with a Sports Arena," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' April 12, 1983.

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBhmwue1J-0 Time lapse of mime working a corner in the River Market]

[[Category:River Market]]

Quapaw Quarter Association

2016-01-09T00:17:24Z

Phil:

The '''Quapaw Quarter Association''' (QQA) is a private, nonprofit historic preservation group in Little Rock, Arkansas. The QQA manages the [[Little Rock Visitor Information Center]] at [[Curran Hall]], and expends most of its effort on historic preservation work in the [[MacArthur Park Historic District]], the [[Governor's Mansion Historic District]], and the [[Central High Neighborhood Historic District]]. Quapaw Quarter, a name adopted in 1961, comprises a nine square mile area of downtown Little Rock and surrounding neighborhoods. The Quapaw Quarter Association was incorporated in 1968. The boundaries of the Quapaw Quarter are the [[Arkansas River]] to the north, Interstate 30 to the east, Roosevelt Road to the south, and the Central High School neighborhood to the west.

The organization publishes a bimonthy newspaper called ''The Chronicle.'' It also sponsors a biennial Spring Tour of Historic Homes and other public events and workshops. The organization maintains a Preservation Resource Center. The QQA also has a program for creating plaques for historic homes. Each year it gives out the Jimmy Strawn Historic Preservation Award and other awards of merit. The executive director of the association is [[Roger Williams]]. The QQA has about 300 members.

The association briefly changed its name to the Landmarks Trust of Greater Little Rock in 1999 before changing it back to reduce confusion. The Quapaw Quarter Association offices are located at Curran Hall at 615 East Capitol Avenue. The association's offices were formerly at 1206 South Main Street.

====Past Directors of the QQA====

*[[Joan Baldridge]]

==References==

*Linda S. Caillouet, "Association Reverts to Use of Old Name After Switch," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' April 11, 2001.
*Kristin Netterstrom, "Group Renews Lease for Curran Hall Site," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' March 11, 2008.
*"The Name's the Thing," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' May 8, 2001.

==External links==

*[http://www.quapaw.com/ Quapaw Quarter Association homepage]

[[Category:Nonprofits]]

Pfeifers Home Center

2016-01-09T00:15:14Z

Phil:

'''Pfeifers Home Center''' occupied frontage at 601-607 Main Street in 1952.

==References==

*Mike Trimble, "30 Years Create Downtown Differences," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' May 2, 1982.

==External links==

[[Category:Main Street]]

New Theater

2016-01-09T00:13:06Z

Phil:

The '''New Theater''' once occupied frontage at 112-114 Main Street in downtown Little Rock. The New Theater opened in the 1930s and closed around 1964. The 886-seat theater gained a reputation for showing racy films. The theater was owned by Rowley United.

==References==

*Mike Trimble, "Biggest Project Includes Leveling of Entire Block," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' March 21, 1968.
*Mike Trimble, "30 Years Create Downtown Differences," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' May 2, 1982.

==External links==

[[Category:Theaters]]

Fausett's Camera Center

2016-01-09T00:12:47Z

Phil:

'''Fausett's Camera Center''' occupied frontage at 108 Main Street between at least 1952 and 1955.

==References==

*Mike Trimble, "30 Years Create Downtown Differences," ''Arkansas Gazette,'' May 2, 1982.

==External links==

MacArthur Park Historic District

2016-01-09T00:10:38Z

Phil:

The '''MacArthur Park Historic District''' is a six hundred acre local ordinance historic district just south of downtown Little Rock.

Historic district status permits the [[Little Rock Board of Directors]] and its constituent [[Historic District Commission]] the authority to regulate the "alteration, restoration, construction, moving, and demolition of structures" inside the district boundaries. The district is bounded by I-30 and Ferry Street on the east, Fifteenth Street to the south, Scott and Cumberland streets to the west, and Capitol Street to the north. The district was established federally in 1977, and again in 1981 by local city [[Ordinance No. 14,042]] in conformity with the [[Historic Districts Act of 1963]].

Prominent landmarks in the district - which has 275 cataloged structures - include [[Curran Hall]], the [[Arkansas Arts Center]], the [[Tower Building (arsenal)|Tower Building]], the [[Absalom Fowler House]], the [[Pike-Fletcher-Terry House]], [[Trapnall Hall]], [[Mount Holly Cemetery]], [[First Lutheran Church]], [[First Presbyterian Church]], [[Saint Edward's Catholic Church]], [[Lincoln House]], the [[Garland-Mitchell House]], the [[Cook House]], [[Villa Marre]], [[Butler House]], [[Kramer Elementary School]], [[East Side Junior High School]], [[Number Two Fire Station]], and [[Knapp Memorial cenotaph and drinking fountain]]. Housing styles represented in the district include Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, Neoclassical Revival, and Craftsman. The district is named after [[MacArthur Park]], which derives its namesake from General Douglas MacArthur who was born at the Arsenal formerly located at the park site.

The [[Quapaw Quarter Association]] is a voluntary nonprofit organization working to save and restore historic structures in the MacArthur Park neighborhood.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.littlerock.org/Images/UserFiles/PDF/StatisticsReports/1-22.pdf MacArthur Park Historic District]

Historic District Commission

2016-01-09T00:07:05Z

Phil:

[[Image:Historic-district-logo.jpg|thumb|Little Rock Historic District Commission logo.]]
The '''Little Rock Historic District Commission''' is dedicated to the preservation and protection of historic sites and architecturally significant buildings and neighborhoods in Little Rock. The commission operates under the purview of the [[City of Little Rock]]. The city has sixteen designated historic districts on the National Register of Historical Places:

*[[Boyle Park Historic District]] (added 1995)
*[[Capitol View Neighborhood Historic District]] (added 2001)
*[[Central High School Neighborhood Historic District]] (added 1996)
*[[East Markham Street Historic District]] (added 1999)
*[[Governor's Mansion Historic District]] (added 1978)
*[[Hillcrest Historic District]] (added 1990)
*[[MacArthur Park Historic District]] (added 1977)
*[[Main Street Historic District]] (added 1977)
*[[Marshall Square Historic District]] (added 1979)
*[[Old Statehouse Square Historic District]] (added 1999)
*[[Philander Smith College Historic District]] (added 1999)
*[[Riverfront Commercial Historic District]] (added 1977)
*[[South Main Street Apartments Historic District]] (added 1995)
*[[South Scott Street Historic District]] (added 1999)
*[[Stifft Station Historic District]] (added 2006)
*[[Tuf Nut Historic Commercial District]] (added 2003)

The city planner with responsibility to the commission is [[Brian Minyard]].

Meetings of the Historic District Commission are convened at 5 PM on the second Monday of each month in the Sister Cities Conference Room at [[Little Rock City Hall]].

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.littlerock.org/CityCommissions/Detail.aspx?ID=19 Homepage of the Historic District Commission]
*[http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/AR/Pulaski/districts.html National Register of Historical Places - Pulaski County]

[[Category:City government]]

Jacimore Building

2015-11-03T19:46:10Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
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[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Lloyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]], a company founded in 1989 by [[Larry Jacimore]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.jacimorerealty.com/the-history/ History of the Jacimore Building]
*[http://www.datafilestorage.com/ Homepage of Data File Storage]
*[http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/findingaids/id/5378 Finding aid for J. T. Lloyd Company records at the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies]

[[Category:River Market]]

Jacimore Building

2015-11-03T19:45:33Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
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<td style="border: 1px solid transparent"></td>
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[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Loyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]], a company founded in 1989 by [[Larry Jacimore]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.jacimorerealty.com/the-history/ History of the Jacimore Building]
*[http://www.datafilestorage.com/ Homepage of Data File Storage]
*[http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/findingaids/id/5378 Finding aid for J. T. Loyd Company records at the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies]

[[Category:River Market]]

Jacimore Building

2015-11-03T19:45:13Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
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|lng=-92.26323
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|pitch=-8.55
|zoom=0
}}</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid transparent"></td>
</table>

[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Loyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]], a company founded in 1989 by [[Larry Jacimore]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.jacimorerealty.com/the-history/ History of the Jacimore Building]
*[http://www.datafilestorage.com/ Homepage of Data File Storage]
*[http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/findingaids/id/5378 Finding aid for J. T. Loyd Company records]

[[Category:River Market]]

Jacimore Building

2015-11-03T19:38:11Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
|height=250
|width=400
|lat=34.74714
|lng=-92.26323
|yaw=341.3
|pitch=-8.55
|zoom=0
}}</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid transparent"></td>
</table>

[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Lloyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]], a company founded in 1989 by [[Larry Jacimore]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.jacimorerealty.com/the-history/ History of the Jacimore Building]
*[http://www.datafilestorage.com/ Homepage of Data File Storage]

[[Category:River Market]]

Jacimore Building

2015-11-03T19:34:52Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
|height=250
|width=400
|lat=34.74714
|lng=-92.26323
|yaw=341.3
|pitch=-8.55
|zoom=0
}}</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid transparent"></td>
</table>

[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Lloyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]], a company founded in 1989. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.jacimorerealty.com/the-history/ History of the Jacimore Building]
*[http://www.datafilestorage.com/ Homepage of Data File Storage]

[[Category:River Market]]

Jacimore Building

2015-10-28T19:58:05Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
|height=250
|width=400
|lat=34.74714
|lng=-92.26323
|yaw=341.3
|pitch=-8.55
|zoom=0
}}</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid transparent"></td>
</table>

[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Lloyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.jacimorerealty.com/the-history/ History of the Jacimore Building]

[[Category:River Market]]

Jacimore Building

2015-10-28T19:57:28Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
|height=250
|width=400
|lat=34.74714
|lng=-92.26323
|yaw=341.3
|pitch=-8.55
|zoom=0
}}</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid transparent"></td>
</table>

[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Lloyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

*History of the Jacimore Building

[[Category:River Market]]

Jacimore Building

2015-10-28T19:52:07Z

Phil:

<table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right"><tr valign="top"><td style="border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 8px; background: #F5FFFA;"><h5 style="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1; padding: 5px; background: #CEF2E0">Street View of the Jacimore Building in 2009</h5>{{#widget:Google Street View
|key=ABQIAAAAiRrSwYHbWvPbTIXcKFSf3BTmxVz1Sl_ReK74lEPbb1J2B_8NiRSK56XZpfI-apH57BnPecBCS1BQZw
|height=250
|width=400
|lat=34.74714
|lng=-92.26323
|yaw=341.3
|pitch=-8.55
|zoom=0
}}</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid transparent"></td>
</table>

[[Image:Wing-foundry-1887.jpg|thumb|300px|D. R. Wing & Co. in 1887]]
[[Image:Lr-foundry.jpg|thumb|300px|The Little Rock Foundry in the 1890s.]]

The '''Jacimore Building''' at 620 President Clinton Avenue in the [[River Market District]] of downtown [[Little Rock]], Arkansas, began as a harness-making shop for [[D. R. Wing]]. This shop opened in 1832. The [[Little Rock Foundry and Machine Shops]] opened on the site in 1866. The foundry manufactured steam engines, boilers, sawmills, cotton gins and presses, woodworking machinery, steam pumps and pipe fittings, and brass goods. In the 1980s, the building -- with 48,00 square feet of space -- housed the [[J.T. Lloyd Sporting Goods Company]].

The current Jacimore Building contains about 48,000 square feet of usable space and is home to [[Data File Storage]]. It is mostly old solid timber construction in the center. There was a facade added to the front to cover the 3 buildings. One building and an alley are actually enclosed within the structure. An east wing has been added onto the old building over the loading dock. It is composed of cinder block construction with wood floors and steel joists.

==References==

==External links==

[[Category:River Market]]

Hatchet Hall

2012-11-08T19:07:14Z

Phil:

[[Image:Carry-nation.jpg|thumb|300px|Carry Nation.]]
'''Hatchet Hall''' appears to be a very old and rickety house. It serves as temperance landmark located at 35 Steele Street in [[Eureka Springs]], Arkansas, that was once the home of [[Carry Nation]]. Carry Nation was a temperance crusader who was famous for "smashing" – that is vandalizing saloons and places that commonly served alcohol. Nation was said to have used a machete, thus it earned the name Hatchet Hall.

Hatchet Hall was home to Nation for two years, during which time she also used the home as a boarding house for widows, women who had been abused, and girls in college. Most of Carry Nation's passion for temperance came from her religious philosophy, which she shared with those who lived in her house. Bible teaching and song services were commonly heard.

After Nation suffered a nervous breakdown, the house became the residence of Elsie and Louis Freund who were artists. If not for the Freund's purchase, the house would have been destroyed and sold for wood. Hatchet Hall then became the [[Art School of the Ozarks]] from 1940 to 1951, where the Freunds would teach art classes in the summer. After the Freunds left Hatchet Hall, it became a museum to both Nation’s life and her passion – temperance.

Currently, the house is a landmark but is inaccessible to the public. It is not really a place people will vacation to see on its own anyway; however, it is closed nonetheless. Most locals have little interest in using the place, but there has been no effort to have it torn down, being that it is a historic site.

And it's a very nice house.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://arkansasroadstories.com/history/nation.html Arkansas Road Stories - Hatchet Hall]

[[Category:Alcohol]]

Janet Berry

2012-09-14T13:32:41Z

Phil:

'''Janet Berry''' is president of the neighborhood association [[Southwest Little Rock United for Progress]]. She is also owner of [[Troy Berry Oil Company]].

==References==

==External links==

[[Category:Living people]]

Sanders-Cooke Building

2012-08-13T18:14:11Z

Phil:

The '''Sanders-Cooke Building''' is located at 207-211 West Second Avenue in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas.

==References==

==External links==

Southern Crestliner

2012-08-13T18:13:31Z

Phil:

'''Southern Crestliner''' was a manufacturing plant established in [[Morrilton]], Arkansas, in 1959. Crestliner, founded in 1946, made boats in factories in Virginia, Minnesota, Arkansas, and Ontario, Canada.

==References==

==External links==

Florence Drug Company

2012-08-08T15:28:21Z

Phil:

The '''Florence Drug Company''' was located at 902 Front Street in [[Conway]], Arkansas. The pharmacist was L. C. Florence. It was damaged by fire in 1915. The drug store is mentioned in the 1930-1931 Conway City Directory.

==References==

==External links==

[[Category:Pharmacies]]

Hillary Rodham Clinton

2012-08-08T15:07:22Z

Phil:

[[Image:Hillary-clinton.jpg|thumb|Hillary Clinton. Photo by Marc Nozell.]]
'''Hillary Rodham Clinton''' is a U.S. Senator from New York and a former First Lady to [[Bill Clinton]]. She is currently running for President of the United States on the Democratic ticket in 2008.

Hillary Clinton was born Hillary Diane Rodham on October 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois. She received her bachelor's degree from Wellesley College in 1969, and her juris doctorate from Yale Law School in 1973. In 1974 she followed Bill Clinton to Fayetteville, Arkansas, where she served on the faculty of the University of Arkansas School of Law. She married Bill one year later. In 1977 she followed her husband to Little Rock, joining the [[Rose Law Firm]] where she became the first female partner in 1979. She worked in the areas of intellectual property and patent law, and became known as a prominent "rainmaker" for her ability to bring in new clients. Also in 1977 she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families in 1977. In 1980 she gave birth to [[Chelsea Clinton]]. As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton chaired the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee for ten years, from 1982 to 1992. As First Lady of the United States she championed the failed Clinton health care plan, and the successful State Children's Health Insurance Program and Adoption and Safe Families Act. In 1996 she became embroiled in the Whitewater land deal crisis, but was never charged with a crime. She was elected U.S. Senator from New York in 2000.

====Relationship to the Clinton Presidential Center====

Hillary Clinton remarked at the 2004 dedication ceremony that the Clinton Library was "like my husband - it's open, it's expansive, it's welcoming, it's filled with light." Clinton may have had a hand in the selection of the [[Clinton Library museum exhibits]] designer [[Ralph Appelbaum]]. Senator Clinton wrote the preface to Appelbaum's exhibit catalog for "Hands and Minds" at the Corcoran Gallery of Art.

In the run-up to the presidential election of 2008 the Republican National Party accused the [[archives]] of the [[Clinton Library]] of obstructing the release of papers related to Hillary Clinton's role in the failed health-care policy offered in her husband's first term in office. In March 2008 archivists at the Library approved the release of 10,000 pages daily schedules of her activities at First Lady.

==References==

*"Archives to Release Clinton Schedules," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' March 4, 2008.

==External links==

*[http://littlerock.about.com/od/politicsandpoliticalorga/p/aahillary.htm Amanda Galiano, Hillary Rodham Clinton - Her Time As Arkansas' First Lady]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians]]

Magnolia Court Motel

2012-08-08T15:05:53Z

Phil:

[[Image:Magnolia-court-motel.jpg|thumb|300px|Postcard view of Magnolia Court Motel.]]
The '''Magnolia Court Motel''' was located on [[U.S. Highway 67]]-[[U.S. Highway 70]] Southwest in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas.

==References==

==External links==

[[Category:Lodging]]

Balch Motor Company

2012-08-08T15:01:34Z

Phil:

[[Image:Pres-management-site.JPG|thumb|300px|Former home of Balch Motors, now a warehouse for the Department of Arkansas Heritage. Photo by Phil Frana.]]
'''Balch Motor Company''' is a former Oldsmobile dealership at 1000 La Harpe Boulevard in [[Little Rock]], Arkansas. The dealership was established by [[Fred Balch]] in 1936 on Broadway in the downtown district. The dealer later moved to the corner of Chester and LaHarpe streets.

[[Fred Balch III]], grandson of the founder, joined [[Moses Nosari Tucker Real Estate]] as a sales and leasing agent in March 2001 after General Motors discontinued the Oldsmobile line.

The former dealership became the temporary home of the [[Clinton Library Archives]] in December 2000. The dealership was known to the National Archives as the [[Clinton Presidential Management Site]] until the [[Clinton Library]] opened in November 2004. The building is now a warehouse for the [[Department of Arkansas Heritage]].

==References==

*Elisa Crouch, "Clinton Archivists Get Keys, Slide into Balch Building," ''Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,'' October 17, 2000.

==External links==

[[Category:Car dealers]]

Arkansas Arts Center Children's Theatre

2012-08-08T14:53:11Z

Phil:

The '''Arkansas Arts Center Children’s Theatre''' is located in [[MacArthur Park]] in Little Rock. The [[Arkansas Arts Center]] has art masterpieces on paper and in forms such as glass, ceramic, metalwork, and wood. The Children’s Theatre is another part of the museum which is a professional theatre group that presents plays from September through May. The Children’s Theatre in Little Rock is the only professional children’s theatre company in Arkansas. The Drama League is a national organization which has dedicated itself to expanding the audiences of professional theatres and has recognized the Children’s Theatre as one of the best regional theatre companies in America.

The Children's Theatre is known for its [[Summer Theatre Academy]] for young people. The 2007/2008 Season included children’s classics such as “The Ugly Duckling,” “Ramona Quimby,” “Hercules,” “If You Give a Mouse a Cookie,” “The Boxcar Children,” and “The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus.” Tickets are available to any individuals but also for class field trips.

Open auditions are available for student actors to audition for Children’s Theatre plays throughout the year. The auditions do not require the actors to come with any prepared materials but instead take the form of a theatre class. All of the student actor positions are held on a volunteer basis. Drama classes and acting workshops are given throughout the year to help young actors develop their imaginations.

The Children's Theatre is located at 501 East 9th Street.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.arkarts.com/childrens_theatre/ Arkansas Arts Center Children's Theatre homepage]

[[Category:Theaters]]

Ellen Smith Elementary School

2012-08-08T14:35:31Z

Phil:

'''Ellen Smith Elementary School''' is located at 1601 South Donaghey Avenue in [[Conway]], Arkansas. The school is named for [[Ellen Grisard Smith]], a local civic leader and the first female member of the Board of Education of the [[Conway Public School District]].

The first Ellen Smith Elementary School opened on South Harkrider Street in 1925. The current school building on South Donaghey opened in 2000.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.faulknerhistory.com/articles/ELLENSMITH.htm Ellen Smith obituary]

[[Category:Schools]]

Ellen Smith Elementary School

2012-08-08T14:35:12Z

Phil:

'''Ellen Smith Elementary School''' is located at 1601 South Donaghey Avenue in [[Conway]], Arkansas. The school is named for [[Ellen Grisard Smith]], a local civic leader and the first female member of the Board of Education of the [[Conway School District]].

The first Ellen Smith Elementary School opened on South Harkrider Street in 1925. The current school building on South Donaghey opened in 2000.

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.faulknerhistory.com/articles/ELLENSMITH.htm Ellen Smith obituary]

[[Category:Schools]]